Table 2.
Selected works in the area of molecular imprinted solid phase extraction.
| Template | Analyte | Monomer/Porogen Solvent/Cross linker/Initiator | Polymerization Technique | Template Removal | MISPE Mode | SPE Condition | Adsorption Evaluation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ketoprofen | Wastewater | 2-VP/ACN: Toluene/ EDGMA/ ABCHC |
Bulk | Acetic acid: ACN (1:9; v/v) | Offline | Cartridge: 14 mg Sample: 50 mL Conditioned: Methanol (1 mL), Deionized water (1 mL) Washing: 1 mL of 5% (v/v) triethiamine in water Eluted: Methanol (1 mL) |
Comparing MIP-SPE efficiency with NIP-SPE | [94] |
| PMPA, EMPA, IMPA, CMPA, BMPA, MPA | Human Serum | MAA/ ACN/ TRIM/ ABCHC |
Bulk | Methanol: Acetic acid (9:1; v/v) |
Offline | Cartridge: 500 mg Sample: 1 mL Conditioned: 30% Hydrochloric acid (5 mL) Washing: Water, ACN Eluted: Water |
The recoveries for degradation products is in range 81.2–90.5% | [104] |
| Monocrotophos | Water, Soil sample | MAA/ DCM/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | Methanol: 10% Acetic acid | Offline | Cartridge: 200 mg Sample: 1 mL Conditioned: Methanol (1 mL), LC Grade Water (2 mL) Washing: 2 mL CH2Cl2: ACN (95:5, v/v) Eluted: CH2Cl2: Methanol (90:10, v/v) |
Extraction of 1 L river water at 100 mg/L spike level at range 77.5–99.1% while 5 g soil sample at 100 μg/kg at range 79.3–93.5% | [105] |
| Artemisinin | Artemisinin (Anti malaria drug) | Styrene/ ACN/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | Methanol: Acetic acid (9:1; v/v) |
Offline | Cartridge: 100 mg Sample: 2 mL Conditioned: ACN (5 mL) Washing: Methanol: Acetic acid (9:1; v/v) Eluted: 5 mL Methanol: Acetic acid (9:1; v/v) |
40 mg in 5 mL ACN solution: QMIP: 8.46 mg g−1 QNIP: 4.49 mg g−1 |
[12] |
| Quinalphos | Quinalphos (Organophosphorus pesticides) |
MAA/ ACN/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | Methanol: Acetic acid (9:1; v/v) | Offline | Cartridge: 100 mg Sample: 10 mL Conditioned: Methanol (10 mL), Deionized water (10 mL) Washing: 5% Acetic acid in methanol Eluted: Methanol (6 mL) |
High extraction recovery of analyte with MIPs compared to NIPs and C18 | [91] |
| Florfenicol | Florfenicol | 4-VP/ THF/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Precipitation | Methanol | Offline | Cartridge: 120 mg Sample: 10 mL Conditioned: Methanol (10%, v/v), Aceticacid (5%, v/v), water Washing: Aceticacid (1%, v/v) Eluted: ACN: water (25%, v/v) |
120 mg in 10 mL in various concentrations shaken 3 h at RT: QMIP: 4.32 mg g−1 QNIP: 2.88 mg g−1 |
[106] |
| Diethylstilbestrol (DES) | DES | APTES/ Methanol/ TEOS/ Activated silica gel |
Surface | Methanol: Hydro-Chloric acid (1:1; v/v) |
Offline | Cartridge: 200 mg Sample: 1 mL Conditioned: Methanol (10 mL), Water (10 mL) Washing: 2 mL Methanol: Water (98:2; v/v) Eluted: 2 mL Methanol |
50 mg in 10 mL in various concentrations shaken at 1 h at RT: QMIP: 62.58 mg g−1 QNIP: 19.89 mg g−1 |
[107] |
| Diethylstilbestrol (DES) | Seawater | MAA/ Chlorofoam/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Suspension | Methanol (5 mL), Water (5 mL) | Offline | Cartridge: 100 mg Sample: 20 mL Conditioned: Methanol (5 mL), Water (5 mL) Washing: 1 mL Methanol: Acetic acid (99:1; v/v) Eluted: 1 mL Methanol: ACN (65:35; v/v) |
20 mg in 20 mL in methanol/water (60:40, v/v) shaken at 300 rpm: QMIP: 8.43 mg g−1 QNIP: 4.43 mg g−1 |
[92] |
| Catechol | Catechol | 4-VP/ ACN/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | Methanol: Acetic acid (4:1; v/v) |
Online | Cartridge: 70 mg Sample: 1.3 mL Conditioned: 2% ACN (v/v) Washing: Nitric acid, ACN Eluted: Nitric acid |
Permanganate solution used reduced from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) at 528 nm | [108] |
| Kirenol | Kirenol | AA/ THF/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | Methanol: Acetic acid (9:1; v/v) | Online | Cartridge: 100 mg Sample: 6 mL Conditioned: ACN (5 mL) Washing: Methanol (5 mL), Acetic acid (5 mL) |
Comparing MIP recognition ability with NIP. | [97] |
| Naproxen | Urine | 4-VP/ Toluene/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | - | Offline | Cartridge: 200 mg Sample: 20 μL Conditioned: 6 mL ACN/Water/Acetic acid (60:30:10), 6 mL Mili Q Water (pH3) Washing: 2 mL ACN Eluted: 3 mL ACN/1% Acetic acid |
Naproxen selectively extracted by MISPE | [99] |
| Simazine | Simazine | MAA/ DCM/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | - | Online | Sample: 200 μL Conditioned: 2 mL Water |
Large volume sample extract and low detection limit acquired | [99] |
| 4-Nitrophenol | Environmental water | 4-VP/ ACN/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | - | Online | Sample: 20 μL Conditioned: 2 mL ACN, 2 mL Mili Q Water (pH 2.5) Washing: 0.4 mL DCM, 2 mL Mili Q Water (pH 2.5) Eluted: 1% CAN |
Comparing efficiency of MIP-SPE and NIP-SPE | [109] |
| Sulfamethazine | Sulfamethazine | APTES/ ACN/ TEOS/ Activated silica gel |
Surface | Methanol | Online | Cartridge: 50 mg Sample: 10 mL Conditioned: Methanol |
Comparing efficiency of MIP-SPE and NIP-SPE | [110] |
| 4-Hydroxylphenylacetic acid | Human Urine | 4-VP/ Toluene/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | 10% Acetic acid/ Methanol (v/v) |
Offline | Cartridge: 100 mg Sample: 0.5 mL Conditioned: 2 mL Water, 2 mL ACN Washing: 1 mL Water Eluted: 1.5 mL ACN/1% formic acid |
20 mg in 2.5 mL in solution incubated for 24 h: QMIP > QNIP IF > 3.5 |
[88] |
| Cephalexin | Human serum | TFMAA/ ACN/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | Methanol/20% Acetic acid | Online | Cartridge: 50 mg Sample: 20 μL Conditioned: ACN Washing: 1% TFA Methanol Eluted: Methanol (3 mL) |
The detection limit was estimated at 0.04 μg mL−1 of cephalexin | [111] |
| Dextromethorphan | Human plasma | MAA/ Chlorofoam/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Precipitation | Methanol/ Phosphate Buffer |
Online | Cartridge: 120 mg Sample: 50 μg−1 Conditioned: Methanol (1 mL), Ultrapure Water (1 mL) Washing: 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid (1 mL), Ultrapure Water (1 mL), DCM (1.5 mL) Eluted: 3 × 1 mL Methanol/Phosphate Buffer (90:10) (0.05 M, pH 5) |
25 mg in 100 mL solution at shaken 30 min: Qmax MIP is 90 mg g−1 |
[112] |
| Theophylinne | Serum | MAA/ Chlorofoam/ EDGMA/ AIBN |
Bulk | Methano/Acetic acid (9:1) | Online | - | Comparing efficiency of MIP-SPE and NIP-SPE | [71] |
| Endorine | Aqueous sample (river, tap water) | Provided by POIYINTELL | Surface | - | Offline | Cartridge: 100 mg Sample: 100 mL Conditioned: ACN (5 mL), Water (5 mL) Washing: 4 mL (water, ACN; 80:20), 2 mL water Eluted: Methanol (1 mL) |
MISPE high recoveries than commercial C18 SPE | [24] |
Pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMPA, degradation product of Soman), ethyl methylphosphonate (EMPA, degradation product of VX), isopropyl methylphosphonate (IMPA, degradation product of Sarin), cyclohexyl methylphosphonate (CMPA, degradation product of GF), isobutyl methylphosphonate (BMPA, degradation product of a Russian VX) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA, the final degradation product of all nerve agents), Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM), 1,1-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile) (ABCHC), methacrylic acid (MAA), 2-Vinylpyridine (2-VP), Dichloromethane (DCM), Tetraethoxysilicane (TEOS), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), Methacrylic acid (MAA), 4-Vinylpyridine (4-VP), Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Acetonitrile (ACN).