Table 1.

The treatment strategies of biofilm eradication.

The Strategy	Classification	The Mechanism of Eradication
Water spray	Mechanic force	The physical removal of biofilm by local delivery of mechanic forces
Water-based jet	Mechanic force	The physical removal of biofilm by local delivery of mechanic forces
Photodynamic therapy	Physical method	The combination of specific light irradiation and photosensitizers to produce oxidative stress
Photothermal therapy	Physical method	The combination of near-infrared irradiation and photothermal agents to produce local hyperthermia
DNase	Enzymatic degradation	Hydrolysis of the extracellular DNA
Proteinase K	Enzymatic degradation	Cleavage of the C-terminal peptide bond for protein digestion
Dispersin B	Enzymatic degradation	Biofilm-releasing enzyme from Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans to eliminate biofilm
Lysostaphin	Enzymatic degradation	Cleavage of pentaglycine cross-bridge in peptidoglycan
Mannosides	Adhesin inhibition	Target to bacterial adhesin FimH for prevent bacterial binding to surface
LL-37	Antimicrobial peptide	Prevention of bacterial attachment to surface
Oritavancin	Antimicrobial peptide	Prevention of bacterial attachment to surface
Glycerol monolaurate	Antimicrobial lipid	The amphiphile nature to disrupt biofilm structure
Free fatty acids	Antimicrobial lipid	The amphiphile nature to disrupt biofilm structure
Quaternary ammonium compounds	Surfactant	The amphiphile nature to disrupt biofilm structure
Autoinducing peptides	QS inhibitor	Reactivates agr QS in biofilm to disassemble biofilm
Hammelitannin	QS inhibitor	QS inhibitor RNAIII-inhibiting peptide to reduce S. aureus attachment
AP4 antibody	QS inhibitor	Biofilm inhibition in mouse abscess infection model
AI-2	QS inhibitor	Reduction of proportion of adherent bacteria and dispersal

AI, autoinducer; QS, quorum sensing.