Table 3.

The application of polymeric nanoparticles for antibiofilm treatment.

Nanoparticle Type	Average Size	Infection Model	The Microorganisms Tested	Antibiofilm Efficacy	Reference
Algal polysaccharides	About 10 nm	P. aeruginosa infection in rat skin	P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. mutans, and S. enterica	Biofilm elimination by 60%	El-Deeb et al. [140]
PLGA	151 nm	Biofilm under the flow condition	E. coli	A 20-fold reduction of bacterial colony	Zhang et al. [141]
PLGA	240 nm	Biofilm-infected skin wound in diabetic mice	MRSA	Elimination of biomass by 67%	Hasan et al. [143]
Hyaluronic acid	174−194 nm	P. aeruginosa abscess model in mice	P. aeruginosa	A 4-fold reduction of bacterial colony in abscess	Kłodzińska et al. [145]
PLGA and chitosan	230 nm	MRSA-infected full-thickness wound in mice	MRSA	A 80% reduction of bacterial colony in skin wound	Wu et al. [146]
PLGA, PCL, and chitosan	217−263 nm	Ex vivo model of biofilm on pig skin	P. aeruginosa and S. aureus	More than 99% of bacteria is killed	Permana et al. [149]
PCL	199 nm	Ex vivo model of biofilm on pig skin	P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and MRSA	A 88−100% killing of bacterial aamount	Mir et al. [150]
Alginate	179 nm	Ex vivo model of biofilm on pig skin	P. aeruginosa	A reduction of bacterial viability in biofilm	Singh et al. [152]

MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone); PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid.