FIGURE 11.

Gliquidone affects LPS-stimulated neuroinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. In BV2 microglial cells and wild-type mice, gliquidone reduces LPS-stimulated microglial proinflammatory cytokine expression by modulating ERK-associated STAT3/NF-κB signaling in an NLRP3-dependent manner. In primary astrocytes, gliquidone selectively downregulates LPS-induced astrocytic proinflammatory cytokine expression by decreasing STAT3/NF-κB phosphorylation via an NLRP3-independent pathway. Accordingly, gliquidone may have therapeutic potential for neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.