Table 5.

Brief summary of the work carried out regarding parameters affects FSW and FSP techniques for Mg-based alloys.

Alloy	Method	Tool Material	Tool Shape	Tool Size	Parameters	Conclusions/Remarks	Reference
AA6061 and NZ30K	FSW	H13 Tool steel	Cylindrical threaded pin	Shoulder diameter: 15 mm Pin diameter: 4 mm Pin length: 3.8 mm	Rotation speed: 600 to 1500 rpm Welding speed: 60 to 120 mm/min	The highest tensile shear failure load at the rotation speed of 900 rpm and welding speed of 120 mm/min and formation of the intermetallic compound of ${\mathrm{Al}}_3{\mathrm{Mg}}_2$ in stir zone as well as occurrence of failure at the interface of the intermetallic compound layer of Mg and Al alloys	[8]
AZ31 and AZ91	FSW	H13 Tool steel	Flat shoulder with hybrid tool pin (cylindrical; having upper portion with plain profile and lower portion with threaded profile)	Pin diameter: 6 mm Tilt angle: 2.5°	Rotation speed: 700 to 1000 rpm Welding speed: 30 to 50 mm/min Shoulder diameter: 15 to 21 mm	Increment of grain size with an increase in rotation speed and shoulder diameter. Moreover, rotational speed and shoulder diameter have the most significant effect on the surface roughness and tensile strength, and flexural strength	[115]
AZ31B	FSW	High-speed steel (HSS) and Stainless steel (SS)	Taper with threaded pin	Shoulder diameter: 18 mm Pin diameter: 6 mm Pin length: 4.8 mm Axial force: 5 kN Tilt angle: 2.5°	Rotation speed: 900 to 1800 rpm Welding Speed: 40 mm/min	Excellent mechanical properties with SS tool at the rotation speed of 1120 rpm	[116]
AZ31B	FSW	HSS	Taper Cylindrical pin	Shoulder diameter: 12 mm Pin diameter: 4 mm Pin length: 4.85 mm	Rotation speed: 1800 rpm Welding speed: 50 mm/min Axial Force: 3 to 5 kN	Higher tensile strength at axial force of 5 kN	[41]
AZ31B-H24	FSW	H13 Steel	Scrolled with right hand threaded pin	Shoulder diameter: 9.5 mm Pin diameter: 3.175 mm Pin length: 1.7 mm Tilting angle: 0.5°	Rotation speed: 2000 rpm Welding speed: 5 to 30 mm/s	Increment of yield strength with an increase in welding speed. Increment of tensile strength with an increase in welding speed from 5 to 15 mm/s and remaining constant of tensile strength from 15 to 30 mm/s	[117]
Mg-9Li-1Zn	FSP	WC Cemented carbide	-	Shoulder diameter: 15 mm Pin diameter: 6 mm Pin length: 2.8 mm	Rotation speed: 30 rpm Processing speed: 10 mm/min	Getting to superplasticity of 369% and 1104% at the strain rate of ${10}^{-1} {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ and $3.33\times {10}^{-4} {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$, respectively at 473 K	[25]
Mg-9Al-xRE (x: Ce + La with various weight percentages)	FSP	Mo-based alloy	Threaded conical needle pin	Shoulder diameter: 16 mm The bottom diameter of pin: 6 mm Top diameter of pin: 4 mm Pin length: 4.7 mm	Rotation speed: 650 rpm Transverse speed: 25 mm/min	Increment of corrosion resistance in NaCl solution caused by fine and redistributed precipitations in $\alpha$-Mg matrix	[4]
ZE41	FSP	H13 Tool steel	Tapered pin	Shoulder diameter: 15 mm Pin possessing 5 mm to an end diameter of 2 mm Pin length: 3 mm	Rotation speed: 1100 to 1800 rpm Travel speed: 16 to 50 mm/min	Higher level of grain refinement (up to 3 $\mathsf{\mu }$m) and hardness (84.2 HV) at the rotation speed of 1400 rpm and travel speed of 25 mm/min with no imperfections	[36]
Mg-8Li-3Al-2Sn	FSP	-	Conical threaded pin	Shoulder diameter: 15 mm Pin diameter: 6.5 and 4.3 mm at the base and the tip, respectively Pin length: 8 mm	Rotation speed: 1000 rpm Travel speed: 60 mm/min	Improvement of yield strength (by 42%), ultimate tensile strength (by 20%), and elongation (by 12%) of processed alloy as compare to unprocessed alloy due to hardening effect of grain refinement of $\alpha$-Mg phase and broken ${\mathrm{Li}}_2$MgSn phase	[118]
Mg-2Nd-0.2 Zn	FSP	-	Concave- shaped	Shoulder diameter: 20 mm Pin diameter: 6 mm Pin length: 2.3 mm Plunge depth: 1.5 mm Tool tile: 1.5°	Rotation speed: 400 and 600 rpm Transverse speed: 100 mm/min	Lower corrosion rate at the rotation speed of 400 rpm compared to the rotation speed of 600 rpm in Hank’s solution due to grain refinement, the lower volume fraction of second phases, and the stronger basal texture	[9]