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. 2021 Nov 3;14(21):6631. doi: 10.3390/ma14216631

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© 2021 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Multi-material designs of ICE and EV (body-in-white): (a) ICE, multi-material lightweight vehicle (MMLV), Magna, 2015 [33], and (b) EV, Porsche 800 V Taycan electric sports car, 2019 [35].