Figure 3.

Modulation of the NRF-2 and NF-κB pathway by chrysin. ROS/RNS mediate the alteration of NRF-2 signaling and interconnect with the NF-κB signaling pathway. NRF-2 signaling activates the expression of antoxidant proteins viz, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) and Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC, a rate-limiting enzyme for glutathione synthesis). The degradation of heme produces carbon monoxide (CO), which suppresses redox-sensitive NF-κB activation. The plausible sites of action of chrysin are illustrated.