Table 1.

Different synthetic approaches have been used to modify POSS for biomedical applications.

Ligand(s) for Bioconjugation	Reactive Substituent in POSS	Chemistry Used for Functionalization	Year	Ref.
Carbon nanotubes/paclitaxel/anitbody	Propyl ammonium chloride	Amidation	2015	[41]
Carbon dots	Aminopropyl	Amidation	2015	[42]
BODIPY	Propyl ammonium chloride	Amidation	2005	[43]
Fluorescein	Azidopropyl	Amidation/CuAAC	2010	[33]
Gluconolactone/dansyl chloride	Aminopropyl	Sulfonamide bond	2010	[44]
Tetraphenyl porphyrin	Aminoproppyl	Amidation, urea bond	2020	[27]
Ce6/PEG	Aminopropyl	Amidation	2017	[45]
Fluorescein labeled dipeptide	Propyl ammonium chloride	Amidation	2013	[46]
DOX	Succinic anhydride	Amidation	2016	[47]
DOX/PEG	Succinic anhydride	Amidation	2019	[48]
Porphyrin	Vinyl and hydroxyl	Amidation and CuAAC	2018	[49]
Porphyrin/OPVEs	Vinyl and hydroxyl	Amidation and CuAAC followed by Heck coupling	2020	[50]
FITC/carboxylic acid	Aminopropyl and isobutyl	Amidation	2012	[31]
Perfluorinated alkyl/silica nanoparticles or fluorophore	Propyl ammonium chloride	Amidation	2008, 2009, 2012, 2011	[51,52,53,54]
Peptide/Ce6	Malemic acid	Amidation	2020	[55]
Protoporphyrin IX/linolenic acid	Propyl ammonium chloride	Amidation	2016	[56]
Quantum dots	Propyl ammonium chloride	Amidation	2014	[57]
Quantum dots	Mercaptoropyl	Capping agent	2013	[58]
Ferrocene	Hydrido or hydridodimethylsiloxy	Karstedt’s catalyzed reaction	2012	[59]
Quaternized PDMA—poly (sulfobetaíne)	Propyl ammonium chloride	ARTP	2016	[60]
Poly (fluorinated acrylate -PEG)	Vinyl	RAFT polymerization	2016	[61]
Conjugated oligoelectrolyte	Vinyl	Heck coupling reaction	2010, 2010, 2011, 2011	[62,63,64,65]
Galactose or maltose	Aminopropyl	Amidation	1999	[66]
Glycosides	Vinyl	Thiol-ene click reaction	2004	[67]
Various carbohydrates	Azidopropyl	CuAAC	2010	[68]
Sugar alkynes	Azidopropyl	CuAAc	2010, 2012	[18,69]
Glycosides/Cysteine derivatives	Vinyl	Thiol-ene click reaction	2012	[70]
Poly (lactic acid)	Hydroxypropyl	Microwave assisted ROMP	2018	[71]
BODIPY	Azidopropyl	CuAAC	2010	[18]
PVF	Vinyl	Heck couple reaction	2011	[72]
Dipeptides or tripeptides	Aminopropyl/Hydroxy	Amidation	1998	[73]
Lysine dendritic polypetide	Propyl ammonium chloride	Solution phase peptide synthesis	2007	[74]
Lysine dendritic polypeptide + peptide + DOX	Propyl ammonium chloride	Solution phase peptide synthesis	2009	[75]
Lysine dendritic polypeptide + macrocylic Mn(II) chelates	Propyl ammonium chloride	Solution phase peptide synthesis	2011	[76]
Glutamic acid dendritic polypeptide + biotin + DOX	Propyl ammonium chloride	Solution phase peptide synthesis	2010	[77]
Polypeptide	Azide	CuAAc	2010	[33]
Peptide	Aminoxy	Oxime ligation	2012	[78]
Lysine dendritic polypeptide	Azide	CuAAc	2013	[79]
poly(L-lactide)—poly(ethylene oxide)	3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyldimethylsiloxy	ROP for the poly-lactide, esterification for poly(ethylene oxide)	2015	[80]
Gd3+-DOTA complex	Propyl ammonium chloride	Amidation	2010	[81]
Gd3+-DOTA complex	Vinyl	Thiol-ene click reaction	2016	[82]
PEG-cyclodextrin complex	Dimethylsiloxy	Hydrosilylation	2004	[83]