Table 3.

The recent drugs and pesticide adsorption onto carbon nanotubes and graphene-based adsorbents.

Adsorbent	Adsorbate	Adsorption conditions	Adsorption isotherm	Adsorption kinetic	q_max (mg g⁻¹)	Adsorption mechanism	Reference
GO^a	Ciprofloxacin	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 5 mg L⁻¹ V = 100 mL, m = 50 mg T = 298 K, t = 50 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	18.65	Hydrogen bond	Yadav et al. (2018)
GO	Norfloxacin	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 5 mg L⁻¹ V = 100 mL, m = 50 mg T = 298 K, t = 50 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	24.93	Hydrogen bond	Yadav et al. (2018)
GO	Ofloxacin	pH = 4.0 C₀ = 5 mg L⁻¹ V = 100 mL, m = 50 mg T = 298 K, t = 50 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	40.65	Hydrogen bond	Yadav et al. (2018)
GO	Ciprofloxacin	pH = 6.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 100 min	Hill Toth	Elovich	173.4	Cation-π bonding π-π interaction	Rostamian and Behnejad (2018)
GO	Doxycycline	pH = 6.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 200 min	Hill Toth	Pseudo-second-order	131.9	Cation-π bonding π-π interaction	Rostamian and Behnejad (2018)
GO	Tetracycline	pH = 6.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 200 min	HillToth	Pseudo-second-order	96.98	Cation-π bonding π-π interaction	Rostamian and Behnejad (2018)
GO	Sodium diclofenac	pH = 6.2 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 250 mg L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 300 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	128.74	Electrostatic attraction Hydrogen bond Hydrophobic interaction π-π bond	Guerra et al. (2019)
GO	Metformin	pH = 6.26 C₀ = 521 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 126.02 mg L⁻¹ T = 318.5 K, t = − min	SipsHill	Pseudo-first-order	122.61	Van der Waals forces π-π interactions	Balasubramani et al. (2020)
GO	Cephalexin	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 100 mg L⁻¹ V = 25 mL, m = 10 mg T = 298 K, t = 420 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	164	____	Wernke et al. (2020)
GO	Trimethoprim	pH = 8.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 15 mg T = 298 K, t = 60 min	Freundlich	Pseudo-second-order	204.08	Cation-π and π-π dispersion interactions	Çalışkan Salihi et al. (2020)
GO	Isoniazid	pH = 2.0 C₀ = 25 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 15 mg T = 298 K, t = 60 min	Langmuir	Intraparticle diffusion	13.89	Electrostatic attraction	Çalışkan Salihi et al. (2020)
GO	Norfloxacin	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 30 mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 200 mg L⁻¹ T = 303 K, t = 30 min	Sips	Pseudo-second-order	374.9	Van der Waals forces π-π interaction Hydrogen bond	Moreira et al. (2020)
GO	Naproxen	pH = 4.0 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 30 mg T = 298 K, t = 60 min	Dubinin-Radushkevich	Pseudo-second-order	15.16	Chemical adsorption	Ciğeroğlu et al. (2020)
PG^b	Atenolol	pH = 7.5 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 20 mL, m = 5 mg T = 295 K, t = 120 min	Toth	Pseudo-first-order	1455.4	Physical adsorption	Khalil et al. (2020)
PG	Carbamazepine	pH = 7.5 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 20 mL, m = 5 mg T = 295 K, t = 120 min	Freundlich	Pseudo-second-order	191.67	Physical adsorption	Khalil et al. (2020)
PG	Ciprofloxacin	pH = 7.5 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 20 mL, m = 5 mg T = 295 K, t = 120 min	Temkin	Pseudo-second-order	409.15	Physical adsorption	Khalil et al. (2020)
PG	Diclofenac	pH = 7.5 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 20 mL, m = 5 mg T = 295 K, t = 120 min	Sips	Pseudo-second-order	91.59	Physical adsorption	Khalil et al. (2020)
PG	Gemfibrozil	pH = 7.5 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 20 mL, m = 5 mg T = 295 K, t = 120 min	Sips	Pseudo-second-order	160.86	Physical adsorption	Khalil et al. (2020)
PG	Ibuprofen	pH = 7.5 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 20 mL, m = 5 mg T = 295 K, t = 120 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	110.30	Physical adsorption	Khalil et al. (2020)
GO-IL^c	Sulfamethoxazole	pH = 6.28 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 0.9 g L⁻¹ T = 299 K, t = 60 min	Freundlich	Pseudo-second-order	27.25	Hydrophobic interaction π-π interaction Hydrogen bond Electrostatic attraction	Ogunleye et al. (2020)
GO	Carbamazepine	pH = 2.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 30 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	28.54	π-π interactions Hydrophobic interaction	Lawal et al. (2020)
GO-IL	Carbamazepine	pH = 2.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 10 min	Redlich-Peterson	Pseudo-second-order	61.88	π-π interactions Hydrophobic interaction	Lawal et al. (2020)
GO	Ketoprofen	pH = 4.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 30 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	16.45	π-π interactions Hydrophobic Interaction Electrostatic attraction	Lawal et al. (2020)
GO-IL	Ketoprofen	pH = 8.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 10 min	Redlich-Peterson	Pseudo-second-order	87.88	π-π interactions Hydrophobic interaction Electrostatic attraction	Lawal et al. (2020)
GO	Sulfamethoxazole	pH = 4.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 30 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	21.33	π-π interactions Hydrophobic Interaction Electrostatic attraction	Lawal et al. (2020)
GO-IL	Sulfamethoxazole	pH = 6.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 10 min	Redlich-Peterson	Weber-Morris	99.16	π-π interactions Hydrophobic Interaction Electrostatic attraction	Lawal et al. (2020)
MWCNT^d	Propranolol	pH = 6.5 C₀ = 25 mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 30 min	Sips	Pseudo-second-order	380.22	π-π EDA interaction Hydrophobic interaction Hydrogen bond	Nie et al. (2020)
N-CNT^e	Dimetridazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	40.93	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
SWCNT^f	Dimetridazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	81.86	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
MWCNT	Dimetridazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	45.16	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
MWCNT-COOH^g	Dimetridazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	32.46	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
N-CNT	Metronidazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	56.49	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
SWCNT	Metronidazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	100.98	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
MWCNT	Metronidazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	46.21	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
MWCNT-COOH	Metronidazole	pH = 7.0 C₀ = − mg L⁻¹ V = 40 mL, m = 10 mg T = 299 K, t = 40 min	____	____	46.21	π-π dispersive interactions Electrostatic interaction hydrophobic interactions	Carrales-Alvarado et al. (2020)
MWCNT-OH^h	Sulfanilamide	pH = 3.0 C₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹ V = 50 mL, m = 1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 20 min	Langmuir	General order	67.15	Electrostatic attraction Hydrogen bond EDA interaction Lewis acid-base interaction	Liu et al. (2020)
MWCNT-OH	Sulfamerazine	pH = 3.0 C₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹ V = 50 mL, m = 1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 20 min	Liu	Pseudo-second-order	115.74	Electrostatic attraction Hydrogen bond EDA interaction Lewis acid-base interaction	Liu et al. (2020)
MWCNT-OH	Sulfadimethoxine	pH = 3.0 C₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹ V = 50 mL, m = 1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 20 min	Langmuir	General order	128.62	Electrostatic attraction Hydrogen bond EDA interaction Lewis acid-base interaction	Liu et al. (2020)
MWCNT-OH	Sulfadiazine	pH = 3.0 C₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹ V = 50 mL, m = 1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 20 min	Langmuir	General order	132.33	Electrostatic attraction Hydrogen bond EDA interaction Lewis acid-base interaction	Liu et al. (2020)
MWCNT-OH	Sulfamethazine	pH = 3.0 C₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹ V = 50 mL, m = 1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 20 min	Liu	Pseudo-second-order	141.55	Electrostatic attraction Hydrogen bond EDA interaction Lewis acid-base interaction	Liu et al. (2020)
MWCNT-OH	Sulfametoxydiazine	pH = 3.0 C₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹ V = 50 mL, m = 1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 20 min	Liu	Pseudo-second-order	177.54	Electrostatic attraction Hydrogen bond EDA interaction Lewis acid-base interaction	Liu et al. (2020)
MWCNT	4-Tert-octylphenol	pH = 10.0 C₀ = 0.3 mg L⁻¹ V = 5 mL, m = 2.5 mg T = 298 K, t = 70 min	Temkin	Elovich	0.178	Liquid film diffusion	ALOthman et al. (2019)
MWCNT	Pefloxacin	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = − mg T = 298 K, t = 240 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	45.16	π-π interactions Hydrogen bond	Zhou et al. (2019)
O-MWCNTⁱ	Pefloxacin	pH = 6.0 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = − mg T = 298 K, t = 240 min	Freundlich	Pseudo-second-order	61.11	π-π interactions Hydrogen bond Electrostatic interaction	Zhou et al. (2019)
MWCNT	Caffeine	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 5 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 50 mg T = 298 K, t = 30 min	Toth	Pseudo-second-order	10.1	Chemical adsorption	Gil et al. (2018)
MWCNT	Diclofenac	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 15 mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 100 mg T = 298 K, t = 30 min	Toth	Pseudo-first-order	8.5	Chemical adsorption	Gil et al. (2018)
MWCNT	Carbamazepine	pH = 5.8 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 0.1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 ± 2 K, t = 30 min	Brouers-Sotolongo	____	224.6	Hydrophobic Interaction π-π interaction	Ncibi and Sillanpää (2017)
MWCNT	Dorzolamide	pH = 8.1 C₀ = 50 mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 0.1 g L⁻¹ T = 298 ± 2 K, t = 30 min	Brouers-Sotolongo	____	78.8	Hydrophobic Interaction π-π interaction Electrostatic attractions	Ncibi and Sillanpää (2017)
F-g-CN^j	Diquat dibromide	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 40 mg L⁻¹ V = 50 mL, m = 10 mg T = 298 K, t = 30 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	159.3	Chemical adsorption	Liang et al. (2021)
NSGO^k	Atrazine	pH = 9.0 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 20 mL, m = 10 mg T = 298 K, t = 24 h	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	23.84	Van der Waals force Hydrogen bond	de Souza Antônio et al. (2021)
GO	Chloridazon	pH = 6.0 C₀ = 125 mg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 5 mg T = 298 K, t = 24 h	Langmuir	____	67.18	Hydrogen bond Hydrophobic interaction π-π interaction	Yan et al. (2020)
NSGO	Ametryn	pH = 5.5 C₀ = 10 mg L⁻¹ V = 25 mL, m = 15 mg T = 303 K, t = 17 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	47.2	____	Khoshnam et al. (2019)
GO	Chlorpyrifos	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 27.96 mg L⁻¹ V = 100 mL, m = 500 mg L⁻¹ T = R.T., t = 15 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	98.04	Hydrogen bond	Yadav et al. (2019)
GO	Malathion	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 61.5 mg L⁻¹ V = 100 mL, m = 500 mg L⁻¹ T = R.T., t = 30 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	1666.67	Hydrogen bond	Yadav et al. (2019)
MWCNT	Diuron	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 100 μg L⁻¹ V = 10 mL, m = 20 mg T = 298 K, t = 60 min	Langmuir	Liquid film diffusion	0.108	Hydrogen bond Hydrophobic interaction π-π interactions	Al-Shaalan et al. (2019)
MWCNT	Fenuron	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 100 μg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = 2 g L⁻¹ T = 298 K, t = 60 min	Freundlich	Liquid film diffusion	0.107	Physical adsorption	(I. Ali et al., 2019a)
MWCNT	2,4-Dichloro phenoxyacetic acid	pH = 7.0 C₀ = 100 mg L⁻¹ V = 100 mL, m = 0.1 g T = 298 ± 2 K, t = − min	Thomas Yan	Pseudo-second-order	208.19	____	Bahrami et al. (2018)
CNT	2,4-Dichloro phenoxyacetic acid	pH = −C₀ = 102 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = − g T = 283 K, t = 50 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	84.03	Physical adsorption	Hue et al. (2018)
CNT	Diuron	pH = − C₀ = 20 mg L⁻¹ V = 25 mL, m = 0.4 g L⁻¹ T = 303 K, t = 240 min	Hill	Pseudo-second-order	40.37	Physical adsorption	Deokar et al. (2017)
PMWCNT	Thiamethoxam	pH = 9.0 C₀ = 150 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = − g T = 298 K, t = 5 min	Langmuir	Pseudo-second-order	38.18	Hydrogen bond Hydrophobic interaction π-π interactions Electrostatic attractions	Panic et al. (2017)
FMWCNT^l	Thiamethoxam	pH = 9.0 C₀ = 150 mg L⁻¹ V = − mL, m = − g T = 298 K, t = 210 min	Freundlich	Pseudo-second-order	95.43	Hydrogen bond Hydrophobic interaction π-π interactions Electrostatic attractions	Panic et al. (2017)

^a)

GO: Graphene oxide.

^b)

PG: Porous graphene.

^c)

GO-IL: Graphene oxide modified with imidazolium-based ionic liquid.

^d)

MWCNT: Multi-walled carbon nanotube.

^e)

N-CNT: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube.

^f)

SWCNT: Single-walled carbon nanotube.

^g)

MWCNT-COOH: MWCNT functionalized with carboxylic groups.

^h)

MWCNT-OH: Hydroxylated MWCNT.

ⁱ⁾

O-MWCNT: Oxidized MWCNT.

^j)

F-g-CN: Functionalized graphite carbon nitride.

^k)

NSGO: Nanosheet graphene oxide.

^l)

FMWCNT: Functionalized MWCNT.