Table 1.
Progress and achievements in electrochemical determination of kynurenine pathway metabolites.
| Method | Working Electrode |
LOD [nM] | Application | Year | Ref. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kyn | Kyna | 3HKyn | 3HAA | AA | XA | QA | |||||
| CA | anti-IgG-HRP-MUA/MU-AuEs | – | 0.02 a 0.39 b |
– | – | – | – | – | Serum | 2021 | [39] |
| EIS | anti-IgG-HRP-MUA/MU-AuEs | – | 0.04 a 0.28 b |
– | – | – | – | – | Serum | 2021 | [39] |
| SWV | NCE (sp3 = 16%) | 3800.00 | – | 14,000.00 | – | 10,000.00 | – | – | – | 2021 | [40] |
| NCE (sp3 = 47%) | 1600.00 | 400.00 | 200.00 | 400.00 | 2400.00 | – | – | ||||
| DPAdSV | Nafion/GCE | 5.10 (60 s) * | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cellular lysate Culturing medium from cancer cells |
2021 | [41] |
| 0.59 (600 s) * | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| DPV | Bi/BDDE | 30.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Culturing medium from cancer cells | 2020 | [42] |
| HPLC-ECD | dGCE | 36.77 | – | – | – | 30.61 | 10.96 | – | Hippocampus and ileum tissues Blood | 2019 | [43] |
| DPV | GCE | – | n.c. | – | – | – | n.c. | – | Phosphate buffer | 2019 | [44] |
| CC-PSA | mAb-MWCNT -AuSPE | 0.50 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Culturing medium from cancer cells | 2017 | [45] |
| DPV | QPRT-BSA -RGO-ITO |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 6500.00 | Serum | 2017 | [46] |
| AMP | MIPs/SPE | – | – | – | 19.98 | – | – | – | Urine | 2015 | [47] |
| DPV | GCE | – | – | – | n.c. | n.c. | – | – | Phosphate buffer | 2015 | [16] |
| HPLC-ECD | NCE | – | 0.20 ** | – | – | – | – | – | Culturing medium fromastrocytes | 2012 | [48] |
| HPLC-ECD | MWCNT/GCE | 500.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Plasma | 2011 | [49] |
| HPLC-ECD | – | – | – | 3.00 | 3.00 | – | 2.00 | – | Plasma | 2006 | [50] |
| HPLC-ECD | – | 6.25 | 27.51 | 5.58 | 4.90 | 14.23 | 12.20 | – | Brain tissue | 2002 | [51] |
| HPLC-ECD | GCE | – | – | n.c. | – | – | n.c. | – | Mosquito larval | 1998 | [52] |
| HPLC-ECD | PGE | – | – | n.c. | – | – | – | – | Phosphate buffer | 1997 | [53] |
| CEEC | CFE | 3.10 | 22.20 | 0.40 | 6.00 | 3.30 | 0.60 | - | Brain tissue | 1995 | [54] |
| HPLC-ECD | – | – | – | n.c. | – | – | – | – | Brain tissue | 1992 | [55] |
| HPLC-CEAS | – | n.c. | n.c. | n.c | – | – | – | – | Brain tissue | 1992 | [56] |
| HPLC-ECD | GCE | – | – | n.c. | n.c. | – | – | – | Brain tissue | 1991 | [57] |
| HPLC-CEAS | – | – | n.c. | – | – | – | – | – | Brain tissue | 1990 | [58] |
| HPLC-ECD | GCE | – | – | 8.75 | – | – | – | – | Brain tissue | 1988 | [59] |
*—accumulation time; **—limit of quantification; a—in buffer; b—in sample matrix; AMP—amperometry; anti-IgG-HRP-MUA/MU-AuEs— platform of 5 gold electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayer of 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and 11-Mercapto-1-undecanol (MU), BSA-pseudo-Kyna, primary and secondary antibodies specific to Kyna; BiF/BDDE—boron-doped diamond electrode modified with bismuth nanoparticles; CA—chronoamperometry; CC-PSA—constant current-potentiometric striping analysis; dGCE—dual glassy carbon electrode; DPAdSV—differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry; CEEC—capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection; CFE—carbon fiber electrode; DPV—differential pulse voltammetry; EIS—electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; GCE—glassy carbon electrode; HPLC-CEAS—high performance liquid chromatography with a 16-sensor coulometric electrode array system; HPLC-ECD—high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection; mAb-MWCNT-AuSPE—gold screen-printed electrode modified with carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes and monoclonal antibody; MIPs/SPE—screen-printed gold electrode modified with 3HAA-imprinted polymer; MWCNT/GCE—multi-wall carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode; Nafion/GCE—Nafion film modified glassy carbon electrode; NCE—nanocarbon film electrode; SWV—square wave voltammetry; PGE—porous graphite electrode; QPRT-BSA-RGO-ITO—quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase enzyme-reduced graphene oxide—indium tin oxide coated glass plate blocked with BSA.