FIGURE 7.

Effects of chronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy on indices of cardiac performance in the Autonomic Neural Regulation Therapy to Enhance Myocardial Function in Heart Failure (ANTHEM‐HF) Pilot study. Significant increases in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (upper left panel) were documented across the 3‐year observation period. A beneficial effect was also observed during the 6‐min walk test (6MWT) (upper right panel). All patients exhibited an improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class status (lower panel). By 6 months, NYHA Class III patients (filled) were all reclassified to NYHA Classes I (open) or II (striped). Reprinted with permission from Nearing et al. (2021)