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. 2021 Nov 8;13(21):3858. doi: 10.3390/polym13213858

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Illustration of various 4D hydrogel fabrication techniques, SMHs, stimuli, response time, and biomedical application (use). DIW: Direct ink writing, FDM: Fusion deposition modeling, ME: Microextrusion, SLG: Stereolithography, DLP: Digital light processing, NA: Not applied, HPM: Hot processing modeling [110].