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. 2021 Oct 22;26(21):6387. doi: 10.3390/molecules26216387

Table 2.

Effect of the extraction on the concentration of the main volatile compounds of cloves (%).

Method Extraction
Conditions		 Extraction
Product		 Eugenol (%) β-Caryophyllene (%) α-Humulene (%) Eugenyl
Acetate (%)
HD [22] 360 min 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:5		 EO 87.10 5.10 0.60 6.40
HD [56] Commercial EO 85.50 7.40 1.50 2.7
HD [34] 240 min 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:10		 EO 69.68 12.23 1.50 14.38
HD [21] 150 min 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:2		 EO 64.91 22.01 - 6.31
HD [19] 240 min 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:10		 EO 87.26 1.35 0.19 10.43
HD [11] 360 min 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:5		 EO 58.20 20.59 2.61 13.84
Microwave-assisted HD [21] 30 min 850 W 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:5		 EO 69.52 17.20 0.01 9.11
Microwave-assisted HD [19] 80 min 1000 W 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:10		 EO 88.80 2.65 0.40 7.46
Microwave-assisted HD coaxial [22] 120 min 300 W 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:5		 EO 66.90 24.80 3.10 2.70
Microwave-assisted SD [19] 80 min 1000 W 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:10		 EO 83.39 1.34 0.21 14.34
Microwave-assisted SD inside [21] 10 min 500 W 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:5		 EO 67.54 18.33 0.02 10.59
Microwave-assisted SD outside [21] 10 min 500 W 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:5		 EO 56.06 34.15 - 4.69
SD [19] 240 min 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:10		 EO 82.65 0.91 0.13 15.63
SD [11] 600 min 100 °C
Clove:Water 1:5		 EO 48.82 36.94 4.41 3.89
SFE [14] 170 min SC–CO2
40 °C 20 MPa		 Organic extract 55.63 14.48 1.81 17.15
SFE [20] 14 min SC–CO2
40 °C 15 MPa		 Organic extract 55.44 7.77 0.86 12.53
SFE [11] 120 min SC–CO2
30 °C 20 MPa		 Organic extract 54.58 17.32 2.26 20.55
SFE [11] 120 min SC–CO2
40 °C 30 MPa		 Organic extract 55.14 15.52 2.02 20.32
SFE [11] 120 min SC–CO2
50 °C 10 MPa		 Organic extract 57.36 13.99 1.90 22.34
SFE assisted by cold pressing [20] 15 min SC–CO2
40 °C 15 MPa 40 N.m		 Organic extract 57.69 8.33 0.92 12.61
SFE assisted by cold pressing [20] 15 min SC–CO2
40 °C 15 MPa 80 N.m		 Organic extract 54.85 7.94 0.88 12.12
Soxhlet extraction [14] 720 min 69 °C
Clove:Hexane 1:20		 Organic extract 34.03 9.12 1.04 10.50
Soxhlet extraction [11] 360 min 100 °C
Clove:Ethanol 1:8		 Organic extract 57.24 1.75 2.03 19.37
Ultrasound-assisted SFE [14] 115 min SC–CO2
40 °C 15 MPa		 Organic extract 59.18 15.35 1.93 18.60

HD, hydrodistillation; SD, steam distillation; SFE, supercritical fluid extraction.