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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Dec 4;29(1):204–212. doi: 10.1002/oby.23047

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Interaction between genetically determined maternal blood glucose levels and GDM status on children’s obesity-related quantitative traits. General linear models were performed to explore the associations of genetically determined maternal blood glucose levels (in quartiles: Q1~Q4) with (A) weight, (B) weight-for-age z score, (C) BMI, (D) BMI-for-age z score, (E) waist circumference, (F) hip circumference, (G) sum of skinfolds, and (H) body fat percentage, respectively. Interactions were also tested, adjusted for children’s age, sex, birth weight, feeding patterns, outdoor physical activity time, screen-watching time, sleeping time, vegetable intake frequency, fruit intake frequency, illness within the last 3 months, and maternal age at pregnancy, gestational weight gain, gestational age at delivery, smoking status, drinking status, marital status, education, family monthly income, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, treatment of GDM, any family history of diabetes, and maternal prepregnancy BMI. For weight-for-age z score and BMI-for-age z score, which were calculated based on sex- and age-specific standards, children’s age and sex were excluded in the adjustment. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GRS, genetic risk score.