TABLE 2.
Associations of genetically determined maternal blood glucose levels with overweight and obesity status among children with and without maternal GDM
| Non-GDM (N = 554) | GDM (N = 560) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | P for interaction | ||
| Model 1 a | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.63 (1.27–2.09) | 1.42 × 10−4 | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) | 0.976 | 0.002 | |
| Obesity | 1.86 (1.29–2.67) | 8.20 × 10−4 | 1.07 (0.82–1.38) | 0.626 | 0.015 | |
| Model 2 b | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.75 (1.34–2.28) | 3.17 × 10−5 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.924 | 0.001 | |
| Obesity | 2.02 (1.38–2.94) | 2.68 × 10−4 | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) | 0.646 | 0.008 | |
| Model 3 c | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.86 (1.40–2.45) | 1.38 × 10−5 | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.851 | 6.91 × 10−4 | |
| Obesity | 2.18 (1.46–3.27) | 1.40 × 10−4 | 1.08 (0.81–1.42) | 0.605 | 0.007 | |
| Model 4 d | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.89 (1.42–2.52) | 1.40 × 10−5 | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.573 | 5.66 × 10−4 | |
| Obesity | 2.20 (1.44–3.35) | 2.61 × 10−4 | 1.04 (0.78–1.39) | 0.777 | 0.008 | |
Significant associations are highlighted in bold.
Model 1: unadjusted for any covariates because the definitions of overweight and obesity were based on sex- and age-specific standards.
Model 2: Model 1 + children’s birth weight, maternal age at pregnancy, prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, gestational age at delivery.
Model 3: Model 2 + maternal lifestyle, socioeconomic and other related factors: smoking status, drinking status, marital status, education, family monthly income, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, treatment of GDM, and any family history of diabetes.
Model 4: Model 3 + children’s variables: feeding patterns, outdoor physical activity time, screen-watching time, sleeping time, vegetable intake frequency, fruit intake frequency, illness within the last 3 months.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio.