Table 2.

Subdomain-specific research and policy recommendations. CSC: community and social context; CVD: cardiovascular disease; SDOH: social determinants of health.

CSC SUBDOMAINS	RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
SOCIAL SUPPORT	Conduct large-scale population-based studies to further elucidate pathways from CSC to CVD. Inform community-level social support interventions using evidence from both observational and experimental studies. Increase focus on social support-CVD link in disadvantaged populations, including racial/ethnic minorities. Develop validated, generalizable measures of social support.
SOCIAL COHESION	Future study should focus on increasing understanding of potential moderating effects of race/ethnicity on the social cohesion-CVD relationship. Future research should improve understanding of pathways linking social cohesion/networks and CVD, including the role of health behaviors and psychological wellbeing. Investigate possible intersectional effects of race/ethnicity and other SDOH, on CVD outcomes.
DISCRIMINATION	Define and develop tools to measure/analyze discrimination and bias in health care. Elucidate major physiologic, psychological, and behavioral pathways from perceived discrimination to CVD. Improve current understanding of the effects of internalized racism and health behaviors in marginalized populations. Develop evidence-based interventions to address health system factors contributing to racial/ethnic disparities in CVD, such as implicit bias and lack of cultural competence.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION	Design and implement community-level CVD prevention interventions: identify community leaders and engage relevant stakeholders. Document potential variation in civic participation by different sociodemographic factors, including sex and race/ethnicity. Describe pathways linking civic participation to improved CVD outcomes. Increase representation and participation of underserved communities in community-based CVD prevention programs.