TABLE 1.
Summary statistics of demographic and clinical assessment details.
| Measure | PD (n = 87) | Controls (n = 47) |
| Age (years) | 66.0 ± 9.1 | 61.7 ± 8.3 |
| Male participants | 55 (63.2%) | 16 (34.0%) |
| Pro- or prebiotic use | 16 (18.4%) | 5 (10.6%) |
| Antacid use | 27 (31%) | 3 (6.4%) |
| Constipation medication use | 45 (51.7%) | 3 (6.4%) |
| GSRS total score | 6.7 ± 4.2 | 4.6 ± 3.2 |
| Disease duration in years | 6.8 ± 5.4 | – |
| Age of onset in years | 59.2 ± 9.9 | – |
| DBS | 6 (6.9%) | – |
| LEDD (mg) | 736.9 ± 568.1 | – |
| Levodopa | 73 (83.9%) | – |
| Dopamine agonists | 38 (44.2%) | – |
| Catechol-o-methyl transferase inhibitors | 17 (19.5%) | – |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | 25 (29.1%) | – |
| Amantadine | 13 (14.9%) | – |
| Anticholinergics | 0 (0%) | – |
| Unmedicated | 4 (4.7%) | – |
| MDS-UPDRS part IIIa | 23.4 ± 15.7 | – |
| Motor fluctuations | 41 (47.1%) | – |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 2.1 ± 0.8 | – |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. The superscript a indicates one missing value among the PwP samples, and thus the adjustment of case number for appropriate statistical measurements. PD, Parkinson’s disease; DBS, deep brain stimulation; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dosage; MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorders Society unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; GSRS, gastrointestinal symptom rating scale.