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Effect of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) on GPR and FOXP3 expression in the serial biopsies from the gastro-intestinal tract. (A) GPR109A mRNA (B) GPR43 mRNA (C) FOXP3+ cellular infiltrates and (D) FOXP3 mRNA expression in the gut biopsies of patients without or with broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure at the time of biopsy retrieval. HPF-high power field. ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test.
