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. 2021 Oct 28;12:753287. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753287

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Copyright © 2021 Ghimire, Weber, Hippe, Meedt, Hoepting, Kattner, Hiergeist, Gessner, Matos, Ghimire, Wolff, Edinger, Hoffmann, Poeck, Herr and Holler

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of butyrate on human epithelial cell. Caco-2 cell were grown on collagen coated transwell for 21 days. Cell were treated with IL-1β and TNF for 24 hours without or with butyrate. (A, B) IL-8 cytokine release on apical and basolateral side of Caco-2 cells. (C, D) IL-6 cytokine release on apical and basolateral side of Caco-2 cells. (E). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) changes with stimulation (stim) alone or with butyrate. (F) GPR43 staining of Caco-2 cells in untreated control, stimulated control and butyrate treated condition. GPR43 is labelled with AF 594. Nucleus is counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar: 10µm. n = 4 independent experiments. Bar represents mean +/- s.e.m. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test.