TABLE 3.
Self-reported unrestrained eating (combined effect) and digestive system cancer risk1
| Eating anything at any time + no concern with figure change | ||
|---|---|---|
| No2 | Yes | |
| All digestive system cancers | ||
| Cases | 975 | 293 |
| Age-adjusted3 | 1 [Reference] | 1.41 (1.24, 1.61) |
| Multivariable (without BMI)4 | 1 | 1.29 (1.13, 1.48) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH)4 | 1 | 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) |
| Multivariable5 | 1 | 1.27 (1.10, 1.46) |
| Gastrointestinal tract cancers | ||
| Cases | 675 | 222 |
| Age-adjusted3 | 1 | 1.55 (1.33, 1.81) |
| Multivariable (without BMI)4 | 1 | 1.46 (1.25, 1.72) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH)4 | 1 | 1.45 (1.24, 1.71) |
| Multivariable5 | 1 | 1.45 (1.23, 1.71) |
| Pancreatic cancer | ||
| Cases | 175 | 43 |
| Age-adjusted3 | 1 | 1.18 (0.84, 1.65) |
| Multivariable (without BMI)4 | 1 | 1.00 (0.71, 1.43) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH)4 | 1 | 1.01 (0.71, 1.43) |
| Multivariable5 | 1 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.39) |
| Liver and gallbladder cancer | ||
| Cases | 69 | 20 |
| Age-adjusted3 | 1 | 1.37 (0.83, 2.26) |
| Multivariable (without BMI)4 | 1 | 1.15 (0.68, 1.95) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH)4 | 1 | 1.18 (0.70, 1.99) |
| Multivariable5 | 1 | 1.08 (0.63, 1.84) |
| Colorectal cancer | ||
| Cases | 526 | 166 |
| Age-adjusted3 | 1 | 1.50 (1.25, 1.78) |
| Multivariable (without BMI)4 | 1 | 1.36 (1.12, 1.64) |
| Multivariable (without EDIH)4 | 1 | 1.33 (1.10, 1.61) |
| Multivariable5 | 1 | 1.34 (1.11, 1.63) |
Data are expressed as HRs and 95% CIs or numbers of cases unless otherwise indicated. EDIH, the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
Defined as those exhibiting dietary restraint, i.e., those who reported both “not having the behavior of eating anything at any time” and “paying a great deal of attention to changes in their figure.”
HRs and 95% CIs were generated by Cox proportional hazards analyses adjusted for age and follow-up cycle.
Models were adjusted for the same sets of covariates as denoted in Table 2, except for cumulative average BMI or EDIH.
Models were adjusted for the same sets of covariates as denoted in Table 2.