TABLE 1—
Maternal and Infant Characteristics Among Mothers of Infants With Diagnosed Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: North Carolina, 2016–2018
| All, No. (%) (n = 3395) | Only Medication for OUD Claims in Pregnancy, No. (%) (n = 1309) | Only Prescription Opioid Claims in Pregnancy, No. (%) (n = 484) | Medication for OUD and Prescription Opioid Claims in Pregnancy, No. (%) (n = 276) | Neither Type of Claim in Pregnancy, No. (%) (n = 1326) | |
| Maternal age, y | |||||
| < 25 | 972 (28.6) | 288 (22.0) | 127 (26.2) | 65 (23.6) | 492 (37.1) |
| 25–29 | 1287 (37.9) | 555 (42.4) | 181 (37.4) | 100 (36.2) | 451 (34.0) |
| 30–34 | 822 (24.2) | 359 (27.4) | 110 (22.7) | 84 (30.4) | 269 (20.3) |
| ≥ 35 | 314 (9.2) | 107 (8.2) | 66 (13.6) | 27 (9.8) | 114 (8.6) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2577 (75.9) | 1193 (91.1) | 328 (67.8) | 242 (87.7) | 814 (61.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 542 (16.0) | 41 (3.1) | 99 (20.5) | 11 (4.0) | 391 (29.5) |
| Other non-Hispanic | 185 (5.4) | 49 (3.7) | 45 (9.3) | 16 (5.8) | 75 (5.7) |
| Hispanic | 91 (2.7) | 26 (2.0) | 12 (2.5) | 7 (2.5) | 46 (3.5) |
| Maternal education | |||||
| < high school | 1008 (29.8) | 370 (28.4) | 158 (32.6) | 73 (26.4) | 407 (30.8) |
| High school or GED | 1161 (34.3) | 442 (33.9) | 153 (31.6) | 95 (34.4) | 471 (35.6) |
| Some college | 1155 (34.1) | 471 (36.1) | 161 (33.3) | 105 (38.0) | 418 (31.6) |
| College, graduate, or professional school | 62 (1.8) | 21 (1.6) | 12 (2.5) | 3 (1.1) | 26 (2.0) |
| Maternal marital status | |||||
| Not married | 2587 (76.2) | 980 (74.9) | 352 (72.7) | 201 (73.1) | 1054 (79.5) |
| Married | 806 (23.8) | 328 (25.1) | 132 (27.3) | 74 (26.9) | 272 (20.5) |
| Tobacco use in pregnancy | |||||
| No | 1271 (37.5) | 373 (28.5) | 201 (41.8) | 87 (31.5) | 610 (46.1) |
| Yes | 2117 (62.5) | 936 (71.5) | 280 (58.2) | 189 (68.5) | 712 (53.9) |
| Infant gestational age | |||||
| < 37 completed weeks (preterm) | 593 (17.5) | 184 (14.1) | 103 (21.3) | 39 (14.1) | 267 (20.2) |
| ≥ 37 completed weeks (full term) | 2801 (82.5) | 1125 (85.9) | 381 (78.7) | 237 (85.9) | 1058 (79.8) |
| Infant birth weight | |||||
| Low (< 2500 g) | 680 (20.0) | 231 (17.6) | 107 (22.2) | 55 (19.9) | 287 (21.6) |
| Normal (≥ 2500 g) | 2714 (80.0) | 1078 (82.4) | 376 (77.8) | 221 (80.1) | 1039 (78.4) |
Note. OUD = opioid use disorder.