TABLE 1—
Total Maternal Mortality (TMM), Maternal Mortality (MM), and Late Maternal Mortality (LMM; 2015–2018) and State-Level Covariates (2015) by Tertile of State Abortion Policy Composite Index: United States
| All States (n = 51), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | Low (n = 15), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | Moderate (n = 17), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | High (n = 19), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | |
| TMM per 100 000 live births | 24.62 ±8.89 | 20.79 ±5.25 | 22.04 ±7.60 | 29.98 ±9.90 |
| MM per 100 000 live births | 17.78 ±7.13 | 14.83 ±3.89 | 15.81 ±6.10 | 21.73 ±8.21 |
| LMM per 100 000 live births | 7.02 ±2.86 | 6.32 ±2.34 | 6.23 ±2.73 | 8.25 ±3.03 |
| Abortion policy composite index, 2015 | 3.75 ±2.46 | 0.73 ±0.65 | 3.41 ±0.91 | 6.42 ±0.71 |
| Poverty (% of state population with income below federal poverty levela) | 14.85 ±3.17 | 13.81 ±3.38 | 14.29 ±2.78 | 16.16 ±3.02 |
| Unemployment (% of state civilian population aged ≥ 16 y) | 7.63 ±1.72 | 7.91 ±1.49 | 7.67 ±1.54 | 7.36 ±2.042 |
| College graduates (% of state population aged ≥ 25 y) | 28.66 ±5.87 | 33.36 ±6.19 | 27.47 ±5.33 | 26.01 ±3.7 |
| Non-Hispanic White (% of state population) | 75.99 ±13.63 | 71.13 ±19.99 | 80.45 ±8.30 | 75.84 ±10.26 |
| Residence in urban county (% of state population) | 74.11 ±14.89 | 77.97 ±19.92 | 76.22 ±13.58 | 69.17 ±10.02 |
| Foreign-born population (% of state population) | 9.25 ±6.12 | 13.10 ±7.35 | 8.95 ±5.71 | 6.47 ±3.52 |
| Medicaid expenditure per capita (2011 US $) | 3226 ±1170 | 3961 ±1412 | 3371 ±933 | 2518 ±691 |
| Births to women aged ≥ 35 y, % | 15.96 ±4.17 | 19.69 ±3.91 | 15.65 ±3.53 | 13.18 ±2.26 |
| Births covered by Medicaid, % | 40.64 ±9.06 | 38.75 ±8.44 | 41.09 ±7.50 | 41.51 ±11.07 |
| Medicaid expansion status | ||||
| Yes | 30 (58.81) | 14 (93.33) | 11 (64.71) | 5 (26.29) |
| No | 21 (41.19) | 1 (6.67) | 6 (35.29) | 14 (73.71) |
Note. All estimates for MM and LMM exclude data from California.
a
Federal poverty level is according to the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey.