TABLE 3—

Associations Between Total Maternal Mortality (TMM), Maternal Mortality (MM), and Late Maternal Mortality (LMM) and Abortion Policies: United States, 2015–2018

	TMM, ARR (95% CI)	MM, ARR (95% CI)	LMM, ARR (95% CI)
Abortion policy composite index	1.07 (1.02, 1.12)	1.02 (0.94, 1.10)	1.01 (0.95, 1.08)
State abortion policies (yes vs no)
Mandated counseling	1.13 (0.90, 1.43)	0.98 (0.78, 1.23)	1.00 (0.77, 1.31)
Waiting period	1.16 (0.97, 1.38)	1.05 (0.77, 1.43)	0.99 (0.72, 1.36)
Ultrasound requirement	1.20 (0.96, 1.49)	1.07 (0.75, 1.52)	0.94 (0.70, 1.26)
Parent involvement for minors	1.09 (0.81, 1.46)	0.94 (0.70, 1.25)	1.25 (0.95, 1.63)
Gestational age restrictions	1.10 (0.94, 1.29)	0.91 (0.72, 1.14)	0.89 (0.70, 1.13)
Licensed physician requirement	1.51 (1.15, 1.99)	1.35 (1.09, 1.67)	1.12 (0.87, 1.45)
Private insurance coverage limited	1.26 (0.99, 1.59)	1.21 (0.93, 1.58)	1.20 (0.85, 1.70)
Public funds restricted	1.29 (1.03, 1.61)	1.09 (0.80, 1.49)	1.19 (0.87, 1.63)

Note. ARR = adjusted rate ratio; CI = confidence interval. All estimates for MM and LMM exclude data from California. All models adjusted for state-level poverty, unemployment, % population with bachelor’s degree or higher, % non-Hispanic White population, % urban population, % foreign-born population, Medicaid expansion status, Medicaid expenditure per capita, average % of births covered by Medicaid, and average % of births to women aged 35 years or older.