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. 2021 Aug 19;9(4):1541–1553. doi: 10.1002/iid3.507

Figure 3.

Figure 3

HEU newborns produce lower levels of cytokines than HUU newborns. After the mononuclear cell (MC) stimulation, supernatants were collected, and classical Th cytokine concentrations were quantified by multiplex immunoassays. The concentrations of (A) IL‐2, (B) IFN‐γ, (C) TNF‐α, (D) IL‐4, (E) IL‐6, (F) IL‐17a, and (G) IL‐10 from unstimulated (left) and stimulated (right) conditions are presented. Bars indicate the mean and standard error. p Values were calculated using unpaired Mann–Whitney test to compare groups (HEU vs. HUU newborns). HEU, HIV‐exposed uninfected newborn; HUU, HIV‐unexposed uninfected newborn; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IL, interleukin; ns, not significant. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001. p Values were calculated using paired Wilcoxon tests to compare conditions (unstimulated vs. stimulated). § p < 0.05, §§ p < 0.01,§§§ p < 0.001, and §§§§ p  < 0.0001