Figure 4.

Th₁‐differentiated MCs in HEU newborns have a higher capacity for IFN‐γ production. MCs were cultivated with or without differentiation Th₁ medium for 7 days. The percentages of Th cells expressing IFN‐γ were then analyzed. (A) The representative gating analysis of cytokine‐producing CD4⁺ T cells and the percentages of (B) CD4⁺IFN‐γ⁺ T cells in HUU and HEU newborns are presented. Error bars indicate the median and interquartile range. The (C) IL‐2, (D) IFN‐γ, and (E) TNF‐α Th₁ cytokines were quantified from culture supernatants. Bars indicate the mean and standard error. p Values were calculated using unpaired Mann–Whitney test to compare groups (HEU vs. HUU newborns). FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; HEU, HIV‐exposed uninfected newborn; HUU, HIV‐unexposed uninfected newborn; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IL, interleukin; MC, mononuclear cell; ns, not significant; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. p Values were calculated using paired Wilcoxon tests to compare conditions (unstimulated vs. differentiated). ^§ p < 0.05 and ^§§ p < 0.01