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. 2021 Sep 8;49(5):2411–2429. doi: 10.1042/BST20210766

Figure 1. T cells-dependent and independent activation of B cells by synthetic oligosaccharides.

Figure 1.

(A) Synthetic oligosaccharides bind B-cell receptors (BCRs) but cannot be presented by the MHCII complexes to T-cell receptors (TCRs). B cell uptake of oligosaccharides launches plasma cells development and low-affinity antibody production. (B) Synthetic glycoconjugates are composed of oligosaccharides coupled with a carrier protein. Glycoconjugates internalization and processing by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) enables the presentation of glycopeptides on the MHCII complexes. MHCII binding and activation of TCRs result in memory B cells formation and high affinity IgGs development.