| Heart — Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in mice |
Intravenous injection of Dimethyl itaconate (4 mg/kg/min) 10 min before or during ischemia |
• Myocardial infarct size was reduced
• Diminution of ROS |
[24] |
| Heart — Acute MI model in rats |
Subcutaneously Implanted of Dimethyl itaconate loaded PCL nanofibers patches Vivo on the epicardium over the infarcted region |
• Myocardial protection: Tissue repair
• Improvement of Left Ventricle function
• Reduction in infarct area |
[70] |
| Heart – Mouse Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction |
Intramyocardial injection of N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic acid (NIPAM-IA) with cardiac stromal cells |
• Promotes heart repair via angiogenesis
• Apoptosis inhibition
• Improved cardiac stem cell retention |
[71] |
| Vessels – Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECS) |
Pre-treatement for 1 h with 4-OI (25 µM), followed by high glucose (40 mM) |
• Inhibits high glucose-induced ROS production
• Lipid peroxidation
• Mitochondrial depolarisation |
[66] |
| Vessels – Abdominal Aortic aneurysm model in mice |
Pre-Intraperitoneal injection of 4-OI (50 mg/kg) before, during and after Angiotensine II induction |
• Inhibition of angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in ApoE−/− mice; via activation of Nrf2 |
[58] |
| Vessels – Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mice model |
Dimethyl itaconate (20 mg/0.5 ml saline per mouse) via intraperitoneal route at the beginning of occlusion |
• Decreases neurologic deficit score and toxic conversion of microglia
• Improve neurologic function
• Decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine: IL1β |
[64] |
| Vessels – Mice model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion |
Itaconic acid was infused for 30 min at 15 mg/kg/min prior to ligation, and for 30 min during reperfusion |
• Protects against GSH depletion and improves the antioxidant capacity of cells
• Improved arterial blood flow
• Preserved cerebral oxygen tension |
[65] |
| Cardiotoxicity – Acute Myocardial Infarction caused by cancer drug (Doxorubin) |
Dimethyl itaconate administration at first 4 days with 100 mg/kg per day since DOX intraperitoneal injection |
• Inhibition of oxidative stress by altering Nrf2/HO-1
• Diminish acute cardiotoxicity |
[67] |
| Metabolism – Hyperlipidaemia in rats |
Itaconate solution to drink instead of water |
• decreased visceral fat in rats
• Decrease in free fatty acid and triglycerides
• Inhibition of glycolysis |
[68] |
