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. 2021 Nov 9;15(6):061503. doi: 10.1063/5.0062697

FIG. 9.

FIG. 9.

Novel microtechnology-based characterization techniques integrated with tumor chips. (a) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is employed to characterize a microfluidic bilayer vasculature/tumor co-culture model.144 Reprinted with permission from Shi et al., Biomicrofluidics 13, 044108 (2019). Copyright 2019 AIP Publishing LLC. (b) Multi-photon laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) is used to study oxygen tension within cocultured MG-63 spheroids and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) monolayers.166 Reprinted with permission from Sarkar et al., RSC Adv. 8, 30320 (2018). Copyright 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Phase-retrieved tomography (PRT) is applied to radically improve mesoscopic scanning imaging of tumor spheroids.167 Reprinted with permission from Ancora et al., Sci. Rep. 7, 11854 (2017). Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. (d) Impedance measurements are used to monitor and record the number and size of tumor spheroids in a label-free manner.168 Reprinted with permission from Lei et al., RSC Adv. 7, 13939 (2017). Copyright 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (e) Microfluidic hanging drop platform with multi-analyte biosensor for in situ monitoring of 3D cancer microtissue metabolism.169 Reprinted with permission from Misun et al., Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2, 16022 (2016). Copyright 2016 Springer Nature. (f) A convolutional neural network was trained with images of LIVE/DEAD stained tumor spheroids and used to estimate spheroid viability based on its bright-field image.170 Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al., Anal. Chem. 91, 14093 (2019). Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (g) A new tumor spheroid boundary detection algorithm based on convolutional neural network.171 Reprinted with permission from Chen et al., Biomaterials 272, 120770 (2021). Copyright 2021 Elsevier Ltd. (h) Open source software for end-to-end time analysis of tumor imaging, used to automatically segment spheroid images; extract features that describe their shape, growth, and invasiveness; and perform mathematical modeling and statistical analysis on these features.172 Reprinted with permission from Hou et al., Sci. Rep. 8, 7248 (2018). Copyright Springer Nature.