Table 2.

A summary of various antibiotic drugs that have been analyzed in foods by using SERS with various active substrates.

Antibiotics	Analytes	Substrates	Matrixes	Limit of detection	Ref.
Sulfonamides	Sulfamethoxazole	RGO/Ag-coated alloy fibers	Tissue mimic	4.4 ng·cm−3	[32]
	Sulfadiazine
	Sulfamerazine	AuNPs	Muscle foods	100 ppb	[33]
	Sulfamethazine
	Sulfamethoxazole	Ag NPs	Human urine	1.7 μg/mL	[34]
Quinolones	Levofloxacin	Au@Ag core-shell nanorods	Food animal products	0.37 ng/L	[35]
	Enrofloxacin	Dendritic Ag NPs	50% ethanol solution	20 ppb	[36]
	Ciprofloxacin		Hydrochloric acid solution
	Moxifloxacin	Commercial substrates	Animal urine	0.085 μg/mL	[37]
	Benzylpenicillin	Ag NPs	Water	1 × 10−7 mol/L	[38]
	Carbenicillin	Ag NP	Drinking water samples	0.63 × 10−8 mol/L	[39]
	Danofloxacin	Ag-TiO2	Water	3.16 × 10−11 mol/L	[40]
	Enoxacin			3.15 × 10−10 mol/L
	Penicillin G sodium	AgNPs/AC	Aqueous solution	5.09 × 10−11 M	[41]
	Ampicillin	Ag NPs	Milk	10 ppb	[42]
	Amoxicillin	Three-dimensional ZnO/Ag-9	Water	10−9 M	[43]
Chloramphenicols	Chloramphenicol	Au@Ag nanoparticles	Aquatic products	0.36 ng/mL	[44]
	Thiamphenicol			0.20 ng/mL
	Florfenicol			0.78 ng/mL
Tetracyclines	Tetracycline	MNs-aptamer/cDNA-APS	Deionized water	0.001 ng/ml	[45]
	Doxycycline	OTR202 and OTR103	Duck meat	1.346 mg/L	[46]
Cephalosporins	Ceftriaxone	CaCO3-CuNP	Deionized water	5 μM	[47]
	Cefazolin	CuNPs	Human urine	7.5 μg/mL	[48]
	Cefoperazone
	Ceftriaxone
Lincomycins	Kanamycin	Graphene-gold nanocomposite	Drinking water, orange juice, and milk	0.75 nM	[49]
		Au@Ag NPs-4MBA	Milk	142 pg/mL	[50]
Methylimidazoles	Metronidazole	Ag NRs	Ultrapure water	10 μg/mL	[51]
	Ronidazole			1 μg/mL
	Metronidazole		Tap water	10 μg/mL
	Ronidazole			10 μg/mL
	Metronidazole		Metronidazole lake water	50 μg/mL
	Ronidazole			10 μg/mL
	Metronidazole		Swamp water	50 μg/mL
	Ronidazole			10 μg/mL
	Metronidazole		Environmental soil	10 μg/mL
	Ronidazole			2 μg/mL
Macrolides	Erythromycin	Ag NPs	Mixture of distilled water and ethanol	2.38 × 10−6 mol/l	[52]
Oxytetracycline	Oxytetracycline	AgNPs	Honey and other food samples	5 ppb	[53]
Aminoglycosides	Neomycin	AuNPs	Milk	0.216 pg/mL	[54]
Nitrofurans	Furadantin	Au-NPs	Food	5 ppm	[55]
	Furaltadone