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. 2020 Jun 17;26(9):5213–5228. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-0810-9

Fig. 2. Dysfunction of VTAVgat neurons elevates mood and impairs sleep homeostasis.

Fig. 2

a Immobility time during the tail suspension test (TST) of VTAVgat-hM4Di mice (n = 8 mice) after saline or CNO injection. Paired t-test, t(7) = 53.8, ****p = 1.98e−10. b Immobility time during the during TST of VTAVgat-CASP3 (n = 9 mice) or VTAVgat-mCherry mice (n = 8 mice). Unpaired t-test, t(15) = 14.3, ****p = 3.7e−10. c Immobility time during the forced swimming test (FST) of VTAVgat-hM4Di mice (n = 6 mice) after saline or CNO injection. Paired t-test, t(5) = 5, **p = 0.003. d Immobility time during the FST of VTAVgat-CASP3 (n = 6 mice) or VTAVgat-mCherry mice (n = 6 mice). Unpaired t-test, t(10) = 6, ***p = 0.0001. e Sucrose preference of VTAVgat-hM4Di mice (n = 6 mice) after saline or CNO injection. Paired t-test, t(5) = −3.5, *p = 0.01. f Sucrose preference of VTAVgat-CASP3 (n = 6 mice) or VTAVgat-mCherry mice (n = 8 mice). Unpaired t-test, t(12) = −4.8, ***p = 0.0004. g Elevated plus maze: VTAVgat-hM4Di mice received saline injection and two weeks later a second saline injection (n = 8 mice), paired t-test, t(7) = −1.06, p = 0.32; or saline and 2 weeks later a CNO injection (n = 8 mice), paired t-test, t(7) = −5.28, **p = 0.001. h Elevated plus maze of VTAVgat-CASP3 (n = 6 mice) or VTAVgat-mCherry mice, paired t-test, t(5) = −3.45, *p = 0.01. i The accumulative recovery sleep (time in NREM sleep) after 5 h of sleep deprivation (SD) of VTAVgat-CASP3 (n = 4 mice) or VTAVgat-mCherry mice (n = 4 mice). Mann–Whitney test, *p = 0.03. The light and dark shading represents the “lights on” and “lights off” phases.