Table 1.
Demographic and clinical measures of the sample.
| Total | Healthy | Distressed baseline | Distressed baseline (subsample with 6-month follow-up) | Distressed 6-month follow-up | Distressed: 6-month vs. baseline significance testing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 114 | 47 | 67 | 30 | – | – |
| Age (y) | 21.7 (2.1) | 21.7 (2.1) | 21.7 (2.1) | 21.2 (1.73) | – | – |
| Gender (% female) | 72% | 72% | 71% | 83% | – | – |
| Education | 5.4 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.3) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) | – | – |
| UPPS-P total | 2.1 (0.38) | 1 (0.33) | 2.2 (0.38) | 2.1 (0.32) | 2.1 (0.38) | −0.7322 (p = 0.47) |
| Negative urgency | 2.2 (0.62) | 1.8 (0.48) | 2.5 (0.51) | 2.5 (0.57) | 2.3 (0.56) | −1.38 (p = 0.17) |
| Lack of premeditation | 1.8 (0.45) | 1.7 (0.35) | 1.8 (0.52) | 1.7 (0.47) | 1.7 (0.45) | −0.03 (p = 0.98) |
| Lack of perseverance | 2.0 (0.54) | 1.7 (0.43) | 2.2 (0.51) | 2.2 (0.56) | 2.2 (0.60) | −0.25 (p = 0.81) |
| Sensation seeking | 2.8 (0.58) | 3.0 (0.53) | 2.7 (0.55) | 2.5 (0.58) | 2.6 (0.70) | 0.48 (p = 0.63) |
| Positive urgency | 1.7 (0.61) | 1.6 (0.45) | 1.9 (0.65) | 1.8 (0.53) | 1.6 (0.61) | −1.0 (p = 0.32) |
| MASQ-AD | 2.9 (0.71) | 2.4 (0.58) | 3.3 (0.55) | 3.3 (0.60) | 2.9 (0.66) | −2.38 (p = 0.02) |
| YMRS | 1.5 (1.9) | 0.3 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.57) | 2.6 (2.25) | 0.27 (p = 0.79) |
| HAM-D | 8.9 (7.7) | 1.4 (2.3) | 14.2 (5.4) | 13.8 (5.50) | 11.4 (5.3) | −1.72 (p = 0.09) |
| HAM-A | 7.3 (6.7) | 1.0 (1.2) | 11.8 (5.2) | 11.0 (5.15) | 9.0 (5.6) | −1.41 (p = 0.16) |
| MDD | 45% | 0% | 76% | 77% | – | – |
| GAD | 46% | 0% | 79% | 83% | – | – |
| Bipolar disorder | 2.6% | 0% | 4.5% | 3.3% | – | – |
| ADHD | 3.5% | 0% | 6.0% | 6.7% | – | – |
| Taking medication | 2.6% | 0% | 4.5% | 0% | 20% | 6.67 (p = 0.01) |
Mean and SD reported for clinical measures. Age, gender, education, and diagnoses were assessed at time of fMRI scan and not repeated at 6 months. Education level according to University of Pittsburgh Demographic form and definitions of levels are provided in Supplementary Information. Participants in distressed group may be diagnosed with more than one disorder. See Supplementary Information for specific medication regimens of participants. Significance testing between baseline and 6-month follow-up for the distressed sample with 6-month follow-up data. T statistic and p value reported for testing of continuous variables; chi-squared statistic and p value reported for testing of proportion on medication.