Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at birth and examination
| Characteristic | Male individuals |
Female individuals |
P (group) | P (sex) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LBW | NBW | LBW | NBW | |||
| No. of participants | 22 | 24 | 32 | 24 | ||
| Birth weight, g | 2010 (1410, 2300) | 3730 (3530, 3950) | 2000 (1160, 2250) | 3740 (3520, 3980) | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| Birth weight for gestational age, SD | –0.9 (–3.9, 1.8) | 0.1 (–0.4, 1.4) | –1.2 (–4.7, 1.1) | 0.4 (–0.3, 1.5) | <0.001 | 0.5 |
| Prematurea | 16 (73%) | 0 (0%) | 22 (69%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| Gestational age, wka | 34.2 ± 3.26 | 40.2 ± 1.74 | 34.7 ± 3.52 | 40.3 ± 1.03 | <0.001 | 0.8 |
| Maternal preeclampsia | 4 (18%) | 1 (4%) | 3 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.09 | 0.5 |
| Birth length, cm | 44 (39, 49) | 52 (48, 54) | 45 (37, 48) | 51 (48, 54) | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| Age, yr | 48 (41, 51) | 47 (44, 51) | 48 (42, 52) | 46 (41, 50) | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Height, cm | 177 ± 7.3 | 179 ± 5.4 | 164.8 ± 4.4 | 167.5 ± 5.8 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 84.3 ± 12 | 83.8 ± 10.1 | 71.5 ± 15.3 | 74.1 ± 15.6 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 27 (21.7, 34.3) | 25.2 (21.2, 33.7) | 25.4 (17.9, 37.6) | 25.6 (20.7, 41.3) | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Body surface area | 2.01 ± 0.16 | 2.02 ± 0.12 | 1.78 ± 0.17 | 1.83 ± 0.18 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Fat-free mass | 64 ± 7 | 65 ± 6 | 45 ± 5 | 48 ± 5 | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Fat percentage | 23.7 ± 6.1 | 21.5 ± 5.2 | 35.2 ± 7.7 | 34.4 ± 8.1 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 131 ± 19 | 120 ± 8 | 123 ± 16 | 118 ± 14 | 0.02 | 0.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 81 ± 12 | 72 ± 8 | 73 ± 11 | 67 ± 9 | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Measured GFR | 102 ± 14 | 100 ± 11 | 90 ± 13 | 101 ± 14 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| Median albumin creatinine ratio | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
| Completed higher education | 12 (55%) | 17 (71%) | 14 (44%) | 12 (50%) | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Regular smoker | 7 (32%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (16%) | 6 (25%) | 0.3 | 0.7 |
| Exercise at least once a week | 10 (45%) | 4 (17%) | 5 (16%) | 5 (21%) | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Comparisons between LBW and NBW (group) and between Male and Female (sex) were tested using χ2 for categorical data and Student t test for continuous data. P values shown. Normally distributed data are written as mean ± SD, non-normally distributed data as median (minimum, maximum), and categorical data as n (%).
GFR, glomerular filtration rate. LBW, low birth weight; NBW, normal birth weight.
a
One female NBW individual had missing gestational age.