Table 4.

Recommended minimum sample size for PLS-SEM

Method	Recommended Sample Size
10-times rules method [36]	80a
Minimum R2 method [14]	84
Gamma-exponential method [37]	99b
Inverse square root method [37]	85b

The estimation was based on the results in Fig. 3

^a8 independent variables in the outer model and

^bthe minimum significance of β = 0.25