Table 5.

Assessment methods of reflective constructs

Assessment	Description	Criteria
Indicator Reliability	Describes the relationship among indicators being consistent with its construct	The outer loading of indicators > 0.50 is considered acceptable [39]
Internal Consistency Reliability	The inter-correlation of indicators from the same construct	Cronbach’s α > 0.70 is considered as modest [14]
Convergent Validity	The degree to which an indicator correlates with other indicators of the same construct	Average Variance Extracted (AVE) > 0.50 indicates that more than 50% of the variance from all indicators can be captured by the construct [36]
Discriminant Validity	Describes the distinctiveness of a construct from other constructs	No indicator has factor-loading on any other construct higher than the one it measures [40]