Table 4.
Baseline household and adolescent characteristics according to types of sleep difficulties (n = 477)
| N | Insomnia/Restlessness, Percentage1 | Environmental, Percentage1 | Mental/Emotional, Percentage1 | Illness/Injury, Percentage1 | Technology, Percentage1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 222 | 19.4** | 23.0* | 13.1* | 7.7* | 1.8 |
| Female | 255 | 38.8** | 29.8* | 23.1* | 12.6* | 3.1 |
| Age groups, years (y) | ||||||
| 11–14 y | 159 | 28.3 | 22.0* | 13.2* | 11.3 | 3.8 |
| 15–17 y | 161 | 29.8 | 26.7* | 17.4* | 10.6 | 1.9 |
| ≥ 18 y | 157 | 28.0 | 31.2* | 24.8* | 8.9 | 1.9 |
| Familial SES | ||||||
| Lower | 244 | 27.1 | 25.4 | 14.3* | 12.7 | 2.5 |
| Middle/Higher | 233 | 30.5 | 27.9 | 22.8* | 7.7 | 2.6 |
| Pubertal Status a | ||||||
| Transitioning | 200 | 29.8 | 18.1* | 19.1 | 10.6 | 2.1 |
| Mature | 277 | 31.5 | 29.8* | 22.6 | 9.8 | 2.6 |
| Smoking Behavior | ||||||
| Ever tried smoking | 249 | 34.1* | 29.7* | 22.5* | 10.8 | 2.4 |
| Never tried smoking | 228 | 22.8* | 23.3* | 14.0* | 9.7 | 2.6 |
| Alcohol Behavior | ||||||
| Ever Drinker | 438 | 28.8 | 26.7 | 19.0 | 10.1 | 2.5 |
| Never Drinker | 39 | 28.2 | 25.6 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 2.6 |
| Physical activity, tertiles (h/wk) | ||||||
| 0.5 – 5.0 | 153 | 29.6 | 23.0 | 19.7 | 9.9 | 4.0 |
| 6.0 – 10.5 | 166 | 32.5 | 28.3 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 1.8 |
| 11.0 – 38.5 | 158 | 24.0 | 28.5 | 18.4 | 9.5 | 1.9 |
| Maternal Education | ||||||
| Did not complete secondary (<9) | 54 | 29.6* | 20.4 | 24.1 | 9.3 | 3.7 |
| Completed some high school (9 to <12) | 68 | 20.6* | 26.5 | 16.2 | 10.3 | 1.5 |
| Completed high school (12) | 159 | 35.2* | 27.0 | 21.4 | 10.1 | 2.5 |
| Higher Education (>12) | 196 | 26.0* | 28.1 | 15.3 | 10.7 | 2.6 |
| Household Food Insecurity | ||||||
| None | 276 | 26.5 | 23.2* | 20.7* | 12.0* | 2.5 |
| Any | 201 | 31.8 | 31.3* | 15.4* | 8.0* | 2.5 |
| Bedroom Sharing | ||||||
| No | 205 | 28.8 | 27.3 | 22.9* | 6.3* | 2.9 |
| Yes | 272 | 28.7 | 26.1 | 15.1* | 13.2* | 2.2 |
| Caffeinated beverage consumption, tertiles (mg/day) | ||||||
| 0 – 0.22 | 162 | 27.8 | 21.0* | 19.8 | 13.0 | 1.9* |
| 0.24 – 1.96 | 154 | 27.9 | 24.7* | 17.5 | 9.7 | 1.3* |
| 2.13 – 568.53 | 161 | 30.4 | 34.2* | 18.0 | 8.1 | 4.4* |
| Technology use <1 hour before bed | ||||||
| < 4 days | 85 | 29.4 | 29.4 | 18.8 | 10.6 | 3.5 |
| ≥ 4 days | 392 | 28.6 | 26.0 | 18.4 | 10.2 | 2.3 |
| Screen time, tertiles (h/wk) | ||||||
| 0.0 – 3.0 | 166 | 26.1 | 27.9 | 20.0 | 11.5 | 3.6 |
| 3.5 – 10.0 | 152 | 31.6 | 27.0 | 15.8 | 8.6 | 3.3 |
| 10.5 – 49.0 | 159 | 28.9 | 25.2 | 19.5 | 10.7 | 0.6 |
1
Indicates the percentage of adolescents with ≥ 1 night of self-reported sleep difficulties per sleep difficulty type during the 7-consecutive days of assessment
a
Pubertal Status: Transitioning (Tanner Stage 1 through Tanner Stage 4 in both pubic hair and gonadal development) and Mature (Tanner Stage 5 in both pubic hair and gonadal development); ABR: SES: socioeconomic status, y: years; mg/day: milligrams per day; h/wk: hours per week
**
p-value < 0.0001 (2-tailed),
*
p <0.05 (2-tailed)