Table 2.

Previous studies on binocular visual acuity at all distances in trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and bifocal contact lens (CL) used in this study

	Year	Age	Patients	0.3–0.4 m	0.5 m	0.6 m	0.7 m	0.8 m	1 m	4–5 m
Lawless et al. [4]	2017	N.A	33	0.11 ± 0.04		0.30 ± 0.14				0.01 ± 0.10
Kohnen et al. [5]	2017	63 ± 8.8	27	0.01 ± 0.087		0.00 ± 0.111		0.09 ± 0.107		0.00 ± 0.094
García-Pérez et al. [6]	2017	69.3 ± 9.8	58	0.02 ± 0.09 (33 cm)		0.12 ± 0.14				0.03 ± 0.04
Alió et al. [7]	2018	60.2 ± 7.4	26	0.13 ± 0.08		0.12 ± 0.12				0.07 ± 0.10
Bissen-Miyajima et al. [8]	2020	66.3 ± 7.4	68	− 0.042 ± 0.105		− 0.065 ± 0.111				− 0.104 ± 0.095
Alfonso et al. [9]	2020	60.36 ± 7.10	40	0.84 ± 0.12 (decimal)		0.6 or better (decimal)				0.95 ± 0.13 (decimal)
Kim et al. [10]	2020	60 ± 8	44	0.03 ± 0.12		− 0.00 ± 0.11				0.03 ± 0.1
Kohnen et al. [11]	2020	68.9 ± 9.3	149	0.07 ± 0.11		0.04 ± 0.12		0.08 ± 0.14		0.02 ± 0.11
Ramamurthy et al. [12]	2021	58.5 ± 11.46	67	0.092 ± 0.1273		0.055 ± 0.1024				0.011 ± 0.1083
Current multifocal IOL		63.6 ± 8.6	51	0.05 ± 0.17	− 0.02 ± 0.09		− 0.02 ± 0.09		− 0.02 ± 0.09	− 0.04 ± 0.07
Kaida et al. [20]	2019	53.5 ± 7.8	11	0.21 ± 0.20 (30 cm)	− 0.02 ± 0.07		− 0.04 ± 0.07		− 0.07 ± 0.03	− 0.04 ± 0.07
Kamiya et al. [19]	2020	57.9 ± 11.9	10	0.11 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.08		− 0.02 ± 0.10		− 0.02 ± 0.08	− 0.01 ± 0.07
Current multifocal CL		59.3 ± 9.8	20	0.25 ± 0.13 (30 cm)	0.04 ± 0.10		0.01 ± 0.09		− 0.01 ± 0.07	0.00 ± 0.08