Figure 2. Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) Depressive Symptoms Among Physician Parents Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic by Gender.

Mean PHQ-9 depressive symptom scores among the subset of the sample assessed in 2018 and 2020 with children in both years (n = 180). In August 2018 (before the COVID-19 pandemic), no statistically significant gender difference in PHQ-9 scores was found (P = .86). In contrast, in August 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) PHQ-9 scores were significantly higher for women than for men (P = .009).