Table 2. Multivariable Models of Work-to-Family Conflict and Family-to-Work Conflict Among Physician Parents.
| Characteristic | Work-to-family conflict | Family-to-work conflict | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
| Intercept | 26.46 (18.41 to 34.51) | <.001 | 12.75 (4.20 to 21.31) | .04 |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 2.79 (1.00 to 4.59) | .03 | 3.09 (1.18 to 4.99) | .02 |
| Men | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Specialtya | ||||
| Surgical | 1.99 (−0.19 to 4.17) | .88 | 0.74 (−1.58 to 3.05) | >.99 |
| Nonsurgical | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Children, No. | ||||
| 1 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2 | 1.16 (−1.15 to 3.48) | >.99 | 0.08 (−2.38 to 2.54) | >.99 |
| ≥3 | 1.06 (−1.46 to 3.60) | >.99 | 0.90 (−1.79 to 3.58) | >.99 |
| Age of youngest child, y | ||||
| ≤2 | 0.06 (−2.17 to 2.29) | >.99 | 1.44 (−0.93 to 3.80) | >.99 |
| 3-5 | −1.35 (−3.48 to 0.79) | >.99 | 0.45 (−1.81 to 2.72) | >.99 |
| ≥6 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Partner’s employmentb | ||||
| Full time | −0.79 (−3.09 to 1.50) | >.99 | −1.26 (−3.70 to 1.17) | >.99 |
| Part time | 1.11 (−1.49 to 3.71) | >.99 | 0.03 (−2.72 to 2.79) | >.99 |
| Not employed | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Partner’s profession | ||||
| Physician | 0.28 (−1.65 to 2.20) | >.99 | 1.90 (−0.14 to 3.95) | .81 |
| Nonphysician | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Sleep hours in past week | −1.62 (−2.57 to −0.67) | .01 | −0.43 (−1.44 to 0.58) | >.99 |
| Work hours in past month | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.12) | .18 | 0.06 (0.004 to 0.12) | .42 |
Abbreviation: NA, Not applicable.
Surgical specialties were assigned based on the American College of Surgeons classification.29 In this study, physicians in the following specialties were classified as surgical: general surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, neurological surgery, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, urology, and other surgical. Physicians from the following specialties were classified as nonsurgical: internal medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, emergency medicine, internal medicine–pediatrics, family medicine, family practice, anesthesiology, dermatology, medical genetics, nuclear medicine, pathology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, preventative medicine, radiation oncology, radiology-diagnostic, sleep medicine, and other nonsurgical.
Full time was considered 40 hours or more, and part time, less than 40 hours.