Table 3. Multivariable Models of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Among Physician Parents.
| Characteristic | PHQ-9 depressive symptoms | GAD-7 anxiety symptoms | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
| Intercept | 10.91 (5.74 to 16.08) | <.001 | 9.80 (3.81 to 15.77) | .02 |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 1.76 (0.56 to 2.95) | .05 | 2.87 (1.49 to 4.26) | <.001 |
| Men | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Specialtya | ||||
| Surgical | 0.72 (−0.73 to 2.17) | >.99 | 0.58 (−1.10 to 2.26) | >.99 |
| Nonsurgical | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Children, No. | ||||
| 1 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 2 | 0.69 (−1.00 to 2.37) | >.99 | 1.36 (−0.59 to 3.31) | >.99 |
| ≥3 | 0.30 (−0.98 to 1.58) | >.99 | 0.51 (−0.97 to 1.99) | >.99 |
| Age of youngest child, y | ||||
| ≤2 | 0.75 (0.57 to 2.08) | >.99 | 1.04 (−0.49 to 2.57) | >.99 |
| 3-5 | 0.91 (−0.58 to 2.39) | >.99 | 0.75 (−0.97 to 2.47) | >.99 |
| ≥6 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Partner’s employmentb | ||||
| Full time | −0.89 (−2.42 to 0.64) | >.99 | −0.36 (−2.13 to 1.41) | >.99 |
| Part time | 1.10 (−0.63 to 2.83) | >.99 | 1.69 (−0.32 to 3.69) | >.99 |
| Not employed | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Partner’s profession | ||||
| Physician | 0.18 (−1.11 to 1.46) | >.99 | 0.26 (−1.23 to 1.74) | >.99 |
| Nonphysician | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Sleep hours in past week | −1.19 (−1.82 to −0.56) | .003 | −1.13 (−1.86 to −0.40) | .03 |
| Work hours in past month | 0.002 (−0.03 to 0.04) | >.99 | −0.0004 (−0.04 to 0.04) | >.99 |
Abbreviations: GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale; NA, not applicable; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire–9.
Surgical specialties were assigned based on the American College of Surgeons classification.29 In this study, physicians in the following specialties were classified as surgical: general surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, neurological surgery, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, urology, and other surgical. Physicians from the following specialties were classified as nonsurgical: internal medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, emergency medicine, internal medicine–pediatrics, family medicine, family practice, anesthesiology, dermatology, medical genetics, nuclear medicine, pathology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, preventative medicine, radiation oncology, radiology-diagnostic, sleep medicine, and other nonsurgical.
Full time was considered 40 hours or more, and part time, less than 40 hours.