Table 1.
Demographic and COVID-19 experience characteristics of the general participants by pre-existing depression status in 2020 COVID-19 survey(D + 55 from initial outbreak in Korea) in men and women (N = 1928).
| Pre-existing depression (men, N = 680) |
Pre-existing depression (women, N = 1248) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (BDI-II 0–13) |
Mild (BDI-II 14–19) |
Moderate-Severe (BDI-II 20+) |
None (BDI-II 0–13) |
Mild (BDI-II 14–19) |
Moderate-Severe (BDI-II 20+) |
|||||||
| N, Mean | (%, SD) | N, Mean | (%, SD) | N, Mean | (%, SD) | N, Mean | (%, SD) | N, Mean | (%, SD) | N, Mean | (%, SD) | |
| Baseline characteristics (2013–2018) | ||||||||||||
| Age (baseline) | 50.57 | (10.0) | 49.50 | (10.1) | 51.83 | (10.2) | 50.87 | (8.8) | 51.08 | (9.5) | 51.66 | (9.2) |
| Income (baseline) | ||||||||||||
| Q1(<36,000\/yr) | 73 | (13.0) | 22 | (28.2) | 6 | (15.0) | 210 | (22.4) | 51 | (24.9) | 32 | (30.5) |
| Q2(36000–60,000\/yr) | 186 | (33.1) | 25 | (32.1) | 13 | (32.5) | 293 | (31.2) | 65 | (31.7) | 43 | (41.0) |
| Q3(60000–84,000\/yr) | 112 | (19.9) | 18 | (23.1) | 12 | (30.0) | 177 | (18.9) | 33 | (16.1) | 15 | (14.3) |
| Q4(≥84,000\/yr) | 191 | (34.0) | 13 | (16.7) | 9 | (22.5) | 258 | (27.5) | 56 | (27.3) | 15 | (14.3) |
| Education (baseline) | ||||||||||||
| <9 years | 27 | (4.8) | 4 | (5.1) | 3 | (7.5) | 94 | (10.0) | 23 | (11.2) | 19 | (18.1) |
| 9–12 years | 144 | (25.6) | 29 | (37.2) | 15 | (37.5) | 373 | (39.8) | 80 | (39.0) | 41 | (39.1) |
| 12+ years | 391 | (69.6) | 45 | (57.7) | 22 | (55.0) | 471 | (50.2) | 102 | (49.8) | 45 | (42.9) |
| Comorbidity (baseline) | ||||||||||||
| None | 317 | (56.4) | 48 | (61.5) | 12 | (30.0) | 541 | (57.7) | 119 | (58.1) | 59 | (56.2) |
| 1+ | 245 | (43.6) | 30 | (38.5) | 28 | (70.0) | 397 | (42.3) | 86 | (42.0) | 46 | (43.8) |
| Physical activity (baseline) | ||||||||||||
| MPVA<150 | 283 | (50.4) | 53 | (68.0) | 20 | (50.0) | 571 | (60.9) | 141 | (68.8) | 72 | (68.6) |
| MVPA≥150 | 279 | (49.6) | 25 | (32.1) | 20 | (50.0) | 367 | (39.1) | 64 | (31.2) | 33 | (31.4) |
| Alcohol consumption (baseline) | ||||||||||||
| Never | 51 | (9.1) | 5 | (6.4) | 2 | (5.0) | 264 | (28.1) | 55 | (26.8) | 25 | (23.8) |
| Ever | 511 | (90.9) | 73 | (93.6) | 38 | (95.0) | 674 | (71.9) | 150 | (73.2) | 80 | (76.2) |
| Cigarette smoking (baseline) | ||||||||||||
| Never | 161 | (28.7) | 14 | (18.0) | 7 | (17.5) | 892 | (95.1) | 188 | (91.7) | 90 | (85.7) |
| Ever | 401 | (71.4) | 64 | (82.1) | 33 | (82.5) | 46 | (4.9) | 17 | (8.3) | 15 | (14.3) |
| COVID-19 related experience (2020, D + 55) | ||||||||||||
| Subjective severity of COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| Very severe | 274 | (45.4) | 29 | (37.7) | 18 | (45.0) | 350 | (38.5) | 80 | (40.4) | 40 | (39.2) |
| Severe | 189 | (34.7) | 34 | (44.2) | 12 | (30.0) | 357 | (39.3) | 78 | (39.4) | 42 | (41.2) |
| Moderate | 98 | (18.0) | 11 | (14.3) | 5 | (12.5) | 172 | (18.9) | 37 | (18.7) | 19 | (18.6) |
| Minimal | 8 | (1.5) | 3 | (3.9) | 5 | (12.5) | 21 | (2.3) | 3 | (1.5) | 0 | (0.0) |
| Not harmful to minimal | 2 | (0.4) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 9 | (1.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (1.0) |
| Hours spent searching for COVID-19 information(h) | 2.04 | (2.3) | 1.53 | (1.3) | 1.65 | (1.3) | 2.03 | (2.3) | 1.72 | (1.5) | 1.98 | (1.9) |
| Subjective sufficiency of information (0-Not sufficient to 5-over sufficient) | 3.41 | (1.0) | 3.34 | (1.0) | 3.18 | (1.2) | 3.38 | (1.0) | 3.3 | (1.0) | 3.1 | (1.0) |
| Satisfaction to government action | ||||||||||||
| Very much satisfied | 92 | (16.9) | 10 | (13.0) | 2 | (5.0) | 142 | (15.7) | 20 | (10.2) | 16 | (15.8) |
| Satisfied | 267 | (49.2) | 42 | (54.6) | 23 | (57.5) | 466 | (51.4) | 100 | (51.0) | 55 | (54.5) |
| Insufficient | 130 | (23.9) | 18 | (23.4) | 7 | (17.5) | 210 | (23.2) | 52 | (26.5) | 23 | (22.8) |
| Very much insufficient | 54 | (9.9) | 7 | (9.1) | 8 | (20.0) | 88 | (9.7) | 24 | (12.2) | 7 | (6.9) |
Abbreviation: MVPA = Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity; BDI=Beck Depression Inventory; GAD-7 = General Anxiety Disorder-7; PLC-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Quationnaire-9; UCLA Loneliness Scale Short-Form; CD-RISC-10 = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale Short-Form.