Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the study sample (N = 9,554).
| Variables | Total | Depression | Non-depression | X 2 | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 9,554) | (N = 3,498) | (N = 6,056) | ||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Age (years) | 176.33 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 11–15 | 5,607 | 58.7 | 1,745 | 49.9 | 3,862 | 63.8 | ||
| 16–20 | 3.947 | 41.3 | 1,753 | 50.1 | 2,194 | 36.2 | ||
| Male gender | 4,577 | 47.9 | 1,514 | 43.3 | 3,063 | 50.6 | 47.30 | <0.001 |
| Having infected acquaintances | 336 | 3.5 | 143 | 4.1 | 193 | 3.2 | 5.31 | 0.021 |
| Parents as frontline workers | 823 | 8.6 | 312 | 8.9 | 511 | 8.4 | 0.65 | 0.419 |
| Be concerned about COVID-19 | 7,639 | 80.0 | 2,580 | 73.8 | 5,059 | 83.5 | 132.35 | <0.001 |
| Study duration ≥ 4 h/day | 8,012 | 83.9 | 2,794 | 79.9 | 5,218 | 86.2 | 64.78 | <0.001 |
| Distance learning | 8,953 | 93.7 | 3,181 | 90.9 | 5,772 | 95.3 | 71.92 | <0.001 |
| Grade | 172.10 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Junior secondary school | 5,459 | 57.1 | 1,693 | 48.4 | 3,766 | 62.2 | ||
| Senior secondary school | 4,095 | 42.9 | 1,805 | 51.6 | 2,290 | 37.8 | ||
| Living area (No. of infected patients) | 8.72 | 0.033 | ||||||
| 10–99 | 2,224 | 23.3 | 825 | 23.6 | 1,399 | 23.1 | – | – |
| 100–999 | 5,177 | 54.2 | 1,932 | 55.2 | 3,245 | 53.6 | – | – |
| 1,000–9,999 | 1,631 | 17.1 | 545 | 15.6 | 1,086 | 17.9 | – | – |
| >10,000 | 522 | 5.5 | 196 | 5.6 | 326 | 5.4 | ||
| Sleep duration/day | 221.30 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <6 h | 446 | 4.7 | 283 | 8.1 | 163 | 2.7 | – | – |
| 6–8 h | 5,359 | 56.1 | 2,089 | 59.7 | 3,270 | 54.0 | – | – |
| >8 h | 3,749 | 39.2 | 1,126 | 32.2 | 2,623 | 43.3 | ||
| Physical exercise duration/day (indoor and outdoor) | 181.55 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <30 min | 4,392 | 46 | 1,924 | 55 | 2,468 | 40.8 | – | - |
| 30–60 min | 4,250 | 44.5 | 1,289 | 36.8 | 2,961 | 48.9 | – | - |
| >60 min | 912 | 9.5 | 285 | 8.1 | 627 | 10.4 | ||
| Residence | 2.05 | 0.152 | ||||||
| Dorm | 74 | 0.8 | 33 | 0.9 | 41 | 0.7 | – | – |
| Others | 9,480 | 99.2 | 3,465 | 99.1 | 6,015 | 99.3 | ||
Note:
Provinces were classified according to the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 for where the students lived; Depression was defined as total score of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-D) > 15; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; Bolded values: P < 0.05.