Table 2.
Substrates used for performing lab-on-a-chip studies in food samples
| Substrate | Concept used | Food material | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polydimethylsiloxane | Gel electrophoresis | Ovalbumin-Texas red dye protein | The analyte enrichment gave detection limits of 250 pM with an increase in temperature to 30 °C. The involvement of temperature showed an increase of 30% in a single run | Peli Thanthri et al. (2020) |
| Glass fiber paper | Surface-enhanced Raman scattering and ELISA method | Fish samples | Concentration range of Malachite green residue in fish: 1 × 10–7 mol/L to 1 × 10–5 mol/L. Limit of detection: 5 × 10–10 mol/L. The technique proved better than the ELISA method showing responses within 1 h | Deng et al. (2019) |
| Polyethersulfone and glass fiber | Recombinase polymerase amplification method | Milk | Detection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus = 102 CFU/mL. The device had the potential to be integrated with simple nucleic acid extraction for food pathogen detection using limited resources | Ahn et al. (2018) |
| Paper layer containing carbon ink | Microfluidic sensing tongue | Orange juice and Cola beverage | One-step sampling design with a linear chip range measuring concentrations between 0.5 and 15 mM provided excellent precision for noting glucose levels | Amor-Gutiérrez et al. (2019) |
| Paper | Real-time Polymerase chain reaction test | Drinking water and milk | Three-dimensional book-shaped paper device for pathogen identification done based on sensitivity and specificity. DNA recovery rate: 25 ng/µL. Paper extraction recovery rate: 60–70% | He et al. (2020c) |
| Polystyrene | Different T-junction geometries | Water–oil–water emulsion with an oil phase containing polystyrene | The value of flowrate at the second junction provides the most effective parameter for controlling the inner diameter, outer diameter, and thickness of the shell | Viza and Harding (2018) |
| Regenerated silk | Transfer printing process | Banana-film packaging | 30% water permeability reduction observed after applying on food sample post-fabrication. The shelf life of perishable food increased by 7 days | Valentini et al. (2018) |
| Chitosan | Electrochemical deposition | Active bacteria (E. coli) resistance using a hydrogel film | The fabricated device showed its potential for the on-site detection of viable food pathogens. Can be used for detecting pathogens during the fermentation process | Li et al. (2018) |
| Chitosan reinforced with cellulose | ELISA | Listeria monocytogenes in p60 protein | Using this special biopolymer membrane, the technique improved by: 17%—when kept in Tryptic soy broth and 24%—when kept in 0.5% dextrose broth. No cross-reaction was observed | Etty et al. (2019) |
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
CFU: Colony forming unit