Table 4.
Target groups for food safety applications
| Category | Target group | Technique used | Food sample | Limit of detection | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathogen | Salmonella | Loop-mediated isothermal amplification | Tomato | 5 × 10–3 ng/µL | Sayad et al. (2016) |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Photolithography | Chicken | 103 CFU/mL | Kim et al. (2015) | |
| E. coli | Nanofiber light sensor | Orange juice | 102 CFU/mL | Shaibani et al. (2018) | |
| Salmonella enterica | Surface plasmon resonance | Cheese | 103–105 CFU/mL | Bouguelia et al. (2013) | |
| Salmonella spp. | Polymerase chain reaction detection | Meat products | 102 CFU/ 40 mL | Poltronieri et al. (2016) | |
| Biotoxins | Aflatoxins | Platinum nanoparticle-based microfluidic chip | Beer | 0.55 ppb | Ma et al. (2016) |
| Aflatoxins | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | Wheat | 0.33–0.4 ppb | Uludag et al. (2016) | |
| Aflatoxin M1 | Colorimetric detection | Milk | 3 pM to 10 pM | Kasoju et al. (2020) | |
| Ricin | Edge embossing (cell-free protein synthesis) | Orange juice, diet soda | Orange juice: 2 pM Diet soda: 170 pM | Khnouf et al. (2015) | |
| Heavy metal | Copper ions | Colorimetric detection | Tomato, rice, water | 1 ng/mL | Chaiyo et al. (2015) |
| Pesticides and other compounds | Carbaryl paraoxon parathion, malathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos (Pesticides) | Ink-based printing | Tap water, apple juice, rice | Carbaryl 29 ng/mL Paraoxon: 22 ng/mL Parathion: 32 ng/mL Malathion: 17 ng/mL Diazinon: 45 ng/mL Chlorpyrifos: 36 ng/mL | Bordbar et al. (2020) |
| Chlorpyrifos | Screen printing | Tomato juice | 3 ng/L | Nagabooshanam et al. (2020) |
CFU: Colony forming unit