Table 3.
Association between family caregiving and changes of depressive symptom status, multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis.
| Changes of depressive symptom status | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-case | Incidence | Remission | Persistence | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Family caregiving | ||||||||
| Crude model | Caregiver (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 2.95 (1.50−5.77)** | 1.21 (0.49−3.00) | 2.39 (1.38−4.15)** | |||
| Adjusted model | Caregiver (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 3.17 (1.55−6.51)** | 1.17 (0.47−2.91) | 2.39 (1.30−4.38)** | |||
| Caregiving role | ||||||||
| Crude model | Secondary caregiver (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 2.59 (1.11−6.02)* | 0.92 (0.27−3.17) | 1.84 (0.89−3.83) | |||
| Primary caregiver (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 3.50 (1.23−9.97)* | 1.60 (0.40−6.37) | 3.25 (1.41−7.53)** | ||||
| Adjusted model | Secondary caregiver (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 2.61 (1.03−6.63)* | 0.86 (0.24−3.00) | 1.70 (0.74−3.91) | |||
| Primary caregiver (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 3.96 (1.32−11.88)* | 1.59 (0.40−6.33) | 3.43 (1.39−8.45)** | ||||
| Severity of the care recipient's needs | ||||||||
| Crude model | Caregiver, not severe care-level (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 2.07 (0.84−5.11) | 1.23 (0.41−3.71) | 1.91 (0.96−3.81)† | |||
| Caregiver, severe care-level (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 3.45 (1.20−9.92)* | 1.14 (0.24−5.53) | 2.83 (1.14−7.03)* | ||||
| Adjusted model | Caregiver, not severe care-level (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 2.31 (0.89−5.99)† | 1.19 (0.39−3.67) | 2.06 (0.95−4.48)† | |||
| Caregiver, severe care-level (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 3.68 (1.20−11.29)* | 1.14 (0.23−5.62) | 2.93 (1.08−7.90)* | ||||
| Increased the caregiver burden during the pandemic | ||||||||
| Crude model | Caregiver, not increased burden (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 1.78 (0.74−4.26) | 1.20 (0.42−3.38) | 1.77 (0.91−3.44)† | |||
| Caregiver, increased burden (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 7.19 (2.37−21.78)*** | 1.16 (0.16−8.72) | 4.73 (1.72−13.02)** | ||||
| Adjusted model | Caregiver, not increased burden (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 1.99 (0.77−5.17) | 1.14 (0.40−3.28) | 1.84 (0.88−3.85) | |||
| Caregiver, increased burden (ref: not caregiver) | Reference | 6.96 (2.15−22.52)** | 1.14 (0.15−8.74) | 4.32 (1.45−12.93)** | ||||
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; †, p < 0.1.
Adjusted model included age, gender, living arrangement, educational attainment, subjective economic status, basic activities of daily living (ADL) difficulty, self-rated health, and present illness (cancer, heart disease, and stroke).
Missing data for variables were imputed by multiple imputation approach.