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. 2021 Nov 1;8:765061. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.765061

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Copyright © 2021 Rettura, Bronzini, Campigotto, Lambiase, Pancetti, Berti, Marchi, de Bortoli, Zerbib, Savarino and Bellini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Different therapeutic options in rGERD management according to pathophysiology. CYP, cytochrome P450; D2, dopamine 2; EGDS, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis; GABA-B, gamma aminobutyric acid-B; H2RAs, histamine receptor 2 antagonists; HRM, high resolution manometry; mGluR5, metabotropic glutamate receptor-5; MII-pH, multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH; PCABs, potassium-competitive acid blockers; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; rGERD, refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine.