Table 1.
Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Information by Indices of Multiple Deprivation Quintile
| 5 (Least Deprived) | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 (Most Deprived) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number Patients | 28,215 | 26,900 | 24,332 | 31,059 | 16,534 | |
| Age (years) | 51.8 (16.7) | 51.1 (17.0) | 52.1 (17.1) | 50.8 (17.0) | 50.0 (16.9) | <0.001 |
| <35 | 4911 (17.4%) | 5234 (19.5%) | 4453 (18.3%) | 6330 (20.4%) | 3708 (22.4%) | |
| 35–54 | 11,553 (40.9%) | 10,795 (40.1%) | 9369 (38.5%) | 12,350 (39.8%) | 6487 (39.2%) | |
| 55–74 | 8981 (31.8%) | 8286 (30.8%) | 7994 (32.9%) | 9556 (30.8%) | 4911 (29.7%) | |
| 75+ | 2770 (9.8%) | 2585 (9.6%) | 2516 (10.3%) | 2823 (9.1%) | 1428 (8.6%) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||||
| Female | 16,362 (58.0%) | 15,780 (58.7%) | 14,388 (59.1%) | 18,617 (59.9%) | 9961 (60.2%) | |
| Male | 11,853 (42.0%) | 11,120 (41.3%) | 9944 (40.9%) | 12,442 (40.1%) | 6573 (39.8%) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 18,268 (97.5%) | 16,960 (94.7%) | 15,777 (96.2%) | 20,517 (95.3%) | 9737 (88.3%) | |
| Asian | 304 (1.6%) | 710 (4.0%) | 449 (2.7%) | 769 (3.6%) | 933 (8.5%) | |
| Black | 45 (0.2%) | 104 (0.6%) | 61 (0.4%) | 143 (0.7%) | 185 (1.7%) | |
| Mixed | 48 (0.3%) | 78 (0.4%) | 59 (0.4%) | 57 (0.3%) | 55 (0.5%) | |
| Other | 79 (0.4%) | 66 (0.4%) | 50 (0.3%) | 47 (0.2%) | 115 (1.0%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 (5.8) | 27.9 (5.9) | 28.2 (6.1) | 28.6 (6.1) | 28.9 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol Consumption (Weekly Units) | 4.0 (0.0, 10.0) | 3.0 (0.0,10.0) | 2.0 (0.0,10.0) | 2.0 (0.0,10.0) | 2.0 (0.0,10.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking Status | <0.001 | |||||
| Never-Smoker | 16,376 (59.2%) | 14,977 (57.3%) | 12,492 (55.0%) | 16,135 (53.1%) | 7929 (50.8%) | |
| Ex-Smoker | 7672 (27.7%) | 7483 (28.6%) | 6549 (28.9%) | 8744 (28.8%) | 4206 (26.9%) | |
| Current Smoker | 3633 (13.1%) | 3690 (14.1%) | 3657 (16.1%) | 5511 (18.1%) | 3473 (22.3%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Allergic Rhinitis | 2311 (8.2%) | 2534 (9.4%) | 2346 (9.6%) | 3495 (11.3%) | 2057 (12.4%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 3420 (12.1%) | 2861 (10.6%) | 2360 (9.7%) | 3104 (10.0%) | 1376 (8.3%) | <0.001 |
| Cataract | 347 (1.2%) | 358 (1.3%) | 374 (1.5%) | 441 (1.4%) | 259 (1.6%) | 0.009 |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 427 (1.5%) | 390 (1.4%) | 369 (1.5%) | 480 (1.5%) | 231 (1.4%) | 0.713 |
| Congestive Heart Disease | 158 (0.6%) | 132 (0.5%) | 157 (0.6%) | 197 (0.6%) | 106 (0.6%) | 0.092 |
| Depression/Anxiety | 2615 (9.3%) | 2440 (9.1%) | 2181 (9.0%) | 3441 (11.1%) | 2021 (12.2%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1615 (5.7%) | 1609 (6.0%) | 1587 (6.5%) | 2318 (7.5%) | 1396 (8.4%) | <0.001 |
| Eczema | 3286 (11.6%) | 2789 (10.4%) | 2447 (10.1%) | 3310 (10.7%) | 1718 (10.4%) | <0.001 |
| Glaucoma | 264 (0.9%) | 250 (0.9%) | 269 (1.1%) | 381 (1.2%) | 195 (1.2%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 3362 (11.9%) | 2881 (10.7%) | 2342 (9.6%) | 3904 (12.6%) | 2065 (12.5%) | <0.001 |
| Insomnia | 599 (2.1%) | 659 (2.4%) | 533 (2.2%) | 669 (2.2%) | 421 (2.5%) | 0.005 |
| Liver Disease | 40 (0.1%) | 32 (0.1%) | 47 (0.2%) | 51 (0.2%) | 28 (0.2%) | 0.265 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 167 (0.6%) | 106 (0.4%) | 123 (0.5%) | 155 (0.5%) | 86 (0.5%) | 0.027 |
| Nasal Polyps | 304 (1.1%) | 239 (0.9%) | 218 (0.9%) | 279 (0.9%) | 134 (0.8%) | 0.034 |
| Oral Candidiasis | 443 (1.6%) | 436 (1.6%) | 387 (1.6%) | 630 (2.0%) | 325 (2.0%) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 367 (1.3%) | 324 (1.2%) | 271 (1.1%) | 339 (1.1%) | 195 (1.2%) | 0.154 |
| Renal Disease | 856 (3.0%) | 837 (3.1%) | 741 (3.0%) | 1155 (3.7%) | 628 (3.8%) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatological Disease | 430 (1.5%) | 368 (1.4%) | 341 (1.4%) | 425 (1.4%) | 217 (1.3%) | 0.345 |
| Atopic Disease | 4258 (15.1%) | 4105 (15.3%) | 3938 (16.2%) | 4919 (15.8%) | 2673 (16.2%) | <0.001 |
| ICS Dose (BDP Equivalent) | 500 (400,1000) | 500 (400,1000) | 500 (400,1000) | 500 (400,1000) | 500 (400,1000) | <0.001 |
| LTRA | 1480 (5.2%) | 1517 (5.6%) | 1320 (5.4%) | 1633 (5.3%) | 922 (5.6%) | 0.160 |
| SABA | 23,707 (84.0%) | 22,673 (84.3%) | 20,093 (82.6%) | 26,198 (84.3%) | 13,777 (83.3%) | <0.001 |
| Treatment Step (GINA 2018) | <0.001 | |||||
| 1 | 4699 (16.7%) | 4579 (17.0%) | 3784 (15.6%) | 4972 (16.0%) | 2806 (17.0%) | |
| 2 | 8847 (31.4%) | 8425 (31.3%) | 7782 (32.0%) | 9592 (30.9%) | 5273 (31.9%) | |
| 3 | 6425 (22.8%) | 6069 (22.6%) | 5653 (23.2%) | 6862 (22.1%) | 3759 (22.7%) | |
| 4 | 7828 (27.7%) | 7373 (27.4%) | 6779 (27.9%) | 9191 (29.6%) | 4446 (26.9%) | |
| 5 | 416 (1.5%) | 454 (1.7%) | 334 (1.4%) | 442 (1.4%) | 250 (1.5%) | |
| Blood Eosinophils (109/L) | 0.20 (0.11,0.31) | 0.20 (0.11,0.30) | 0.20 (0.10,0.30) | 0.20 (0.11,0.31) | 0.20 (0.11,0.31) | 0.001 |
| Peak Flow (%) | 89.0 (76.1,100.8) | 88.9 (75.8,100.8) | 88.2 (74.6,100.2) | 86.9 (73.6,99.4) | 84.9 (70.9,97.3) | <0.001 |
| Treatment Adherent (MPR≥70%) | 5920 (25.6%) | 5674 (26.2%) | 5185 (26.4%) | 6886 (27.5%) | 4173 (31.6%) | <0.001 |
| Asthma Review | 13,479 (47.8%) | 11,852 (44.1%) | 9764 (40.1%) | 12842 (41.3%) | 7114 (43.0%) | <0.001 |
| Uncontrolled Disease | 3228 (34.5%) | 3034 (35.8%) | 2761 (38.2%) | 4130 (40.1%) | 2121 (44.7%) | <0.001 |
| Any Exacerbations | 5732 (20.3%) | 5734 (21.3%) | 5024 (20.6%) | 7261 (23.4%) | 3996 (24.2%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory Referral | 1226 (4.3%) | 619 (2.3%) | 767 (3.2%) | 1094 (3.5%) | 665 (4.0%) | <0.001 |