TABLE 5.

Results of the ophthalmic exam and VFA after referral in the children at risk of VPD, separately for the different types of VPD risks (based on neurological factors, based on VOF, or based on both factors).

Ophthalmic exam (N = 14)	Neurological risk (N = 4)	VOF risk (N = 4)	Both risk factors (N = 6)
Moderate hypermetropia	3 (43%)	1 (20%)	3 (50%)
Severe hypermetropia	−	1 (20%)	2 (33%)
Strabismus	−	1 (20%)	1 (17%)
VFA abnormalities (N = 10)	Neurological risk (N = 4)	VOF risk (N = 2)	Both risk factors (N = 4)
No stereovision	1 (25%)	0	0
Nystagmus	0	0	0
Fixation	0	0	1 (25%)
Motility	0	0	0
Smooth pursuit	0	0	1 (25%)
Saccades	0	0	0
Convergence	0	0	0
Visual acuity mean (SD)	0.26 (0.11)	0.28 (0.32)	0.20 (0.09)
Visual acuity	0	0	0
Visual field	0	0	0
Contrast sensitivity	0	0	0
Color vision	0	0	0
Level of visual functioning
Subnormal	−	−	1 (25%)
Normal	4 (100%)	2 (100%)	3 (75%)

Factors are not mutually exclusive. VFA, visual function assessment; VPD, visual processing dysfunction; VOF, visual orienting functions; SD, standard deviation.