Table 4.

Average variations (by 1 year of age) in QoL by impairment severity, pain, and seizure problems in individuals with CP: SPARCLE cohort—France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden.

	Psychological well-being		Social relationships
	βa	95% CIb	βa	95% CIb
Models considering each impairment separately*
GMFCS
I–II	0.00	Ref.	0.00	Ref.
III	−2.50	[−7.52 to 2.52]	−3.74	[−10.89 to 3.42]
IV–V	−2.06	[−6.14 to 2.03]	−7.72	[−13.50 to −1.93]†
BFMF
I	0.00	Ref.	0.00	Ref.
II–III	−0.65	[−4.39 to 3.09]	−7.99	[−13.34 to −2.65]†
IV–V	−4.28	[−8.94 to 0.39]	−12.42	[−18.94 to −5.89]†
IQ
≥70	0.00	Ref.	0.00	Ref.
<70	−3.99	[−7.85 to −0.13]†	−13.50	[−18.70 to −8.30]†
Seizure in the previous year
No (with or without medication)	0.00	Ref.	0.00	Ref.
Seizures	−5.22	[−9.47 to −0.98]†	−14.16	[−20.11 to −8.21]†
Frequency of pain in the previous week
None	0.00	Ref.	0.00	Ref.
Once or twice	−1.44	[−5.25 to 2.37]	0.59	[−5.01 to 6.18]
Frequent	−6.08	[−9.52 to −2.63]†	−4.19	[−9.28 to 0.91]
Multivariate model*
BFMF
I			0.00	Ref.
II–III			−5.85	[−11.08 to −0.63]†
IV–V			−8.49	[−15.03 to −1.96]†
IQ
≥70	0.00	Ref.	0.00	Ref.
<70	−4.33	[−8.06 to −0.60]†	−9.44	[−14.74 to −4.14]†
Seizure in the previous year
No (with or without medication)			0.00	Ref.
Seizures			−10.60	[−16.71 to −4.48]†
Frequency of pain in the previous week
None	0.00	Ref.
Once or twice	−1.28	[−5.09 to 2.53]
Frequent	−6.27	[−9.71 to −2.83]†
R2 (%)	15.85		17.95

BFMF, Bimanual Fine Motor Function; GMFCS, Gross Motor Function Classification System; IQ, intelligence quotient; QoL, quality of life; CP, cerebral palsy.

^*All generalized linear mixed-effect model with random intercept models were adjusted for region, sex, and parental education level.

^aβ coefficients show the average difference in quality of life between the relevant category and the reference category (Ref.). β coefficients <0 indicate a lower quality of life in the relevant category compared with the reference category.

^bCIs were calculated by bootstrapping.

^†95% CI excluding zero.