TABLE 3.

Indigenous microbial strains involved in diazinon degradation.

Microbial strains	Strain type	Source	Comments	References
Lactobacillus brevis	Bacterium	Center of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Northeast Agricultural University, China	About 52% of diazinon (0.6 mg/L) was degraded within 24 h	Zhang et al., 2014
Stenotrophomonas sp.	Bacterium	Industrial sludge (China)	Nearly 100% of diazinon (50 mg/L) was degraded within 24 h	Deng et al., 2015
Ochrobactrum sp.	Bacterium	Sludge from wastewater (China)
Serratia marcescens DI101	Bacterium	Agricultural soil (Saudi Arabia)	Diazinon (50 mg/L) was completely degraded within 11 days	Abo-Amer, 2011
Leuconostoc mesenteroides, L. brevis, L. plantarum, L. sakei	Bacterium	Kimchi during fermentation (Korea)	About 74% of diazinon (100 mg/L) was degraded within 12 days at pH = 3.65-3.69	Cho et al., 2009
Serratia liquefaciens, S. marcescens, Pseudomonas sp.	Bacterium	Agricultural soil (Poland)	(1) About 80-92% of diazinon (50 mg/L) was degraded within 14 days (2) Utilizes diazinon as the sole carbon source (3) Adding other carbon sources (glucose) increases the decomposition rate	Cycoń et al., 2009
Arthrobacter sp., Mycobacterium sp.	Bacterium	Petroleum-contaminated soil (Hilo, Hawaii, United States)	These strains can utilize diazinon as growth substrate and transform diazinon.	Seo et al., 2007
Streptomyces sp. AC1-6., Streptomyces sp. ISP4	Bacterium	Agricultural soil (Chile)	(1) About 40-50% of diazinon (25 mg/L) was degraded within 24 h (2) About 70-90% of diazinon (50 mg/L) was degraded within 96 h	Briceño et al., 2015
Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551	Bacterium	Agricultural soil (United States)	About 95% of diazinon (50 mg/L) was degraded within 24 h	Mulbry and Karns, 1989
Ralstonia sp. DI-3	Bacterium	Agricultural soil (Huaibei, China)	(1) Diazinon (100 mg/L) was completely degraded within 60 days (2) Utilizes diazinon as the sole carbon source	Wang and Liu, 2016
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	Bacterium	Paddy soils (Mazandaran, Iran)	(1) Diazinon is the main carbon source (50 μg/mL) (2) About 90% of diazinon was degraded within 15 days	Pourbabaee et al., 2018
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6	Bacterium	Rhizosphere of Lolium perenne (Guizhou, China)	Increases soluble phosphorus, produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and iron carriers	Meng et al., 2019
Pseudomonas citronellolis strain ADA-23B	Bacterium	Soil-straw; 1:1, v/v (Mexico)	About 40% of diazinon (50 mg/L) was degraded within 16 h	Góngora-Echeverría et al., 2020
Bacterial endophytes in rice plant (Oryzia sativa L.)	Bacterium	Rasht, Iran	(1) Diazinon (20 mg/L) is the sole carbon source (2) About 3.79-58.52% of initial dose was degraded within 14 days	Nasrollahi et al., 2020
Pseudomonas putida D3	Bacterium	Southeastern Iran	About 91% of diazinon was degraded (40 mg/L) within 21 days	Hassanshahian, 2016
Pseudomonas peli, Burkholderia caryophylli, and Brevundimonas diminuta	Bacterium	Soil sample	Diazinon (20 mg/L) was completely degraded within 18 days	Mahiudddin et al., 2014
Alcaligenes faecalis DSP3	Bacterium	Chemical factory, China	About 90% of diazinon (100 μg/mL) was degraded within 10 days	Yang et al., 2005
Bacterium Enterobacter B-14	Bacterium	Australian soil	Diazinon (25 μg/mL) was completely degraded within 2 days	Singh et al., 2004
Aspergillus niger MK640786	Fungus	Lake Burullus	About 82% of diazinon (1.25 mg/L) was degraded after 7 days (2) Optimal conditions for metabolism are pH = 5, 30°C	Hamad, 2020
Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula rubra	Fungus	Tomato plants	(1) During the same period, the initial concentration of diazinon was reduced by 88% when R. glutinis was added compared with the control (2) During the same period, the initial concentration of diazinon was reduced by 88% when R. rubra was added compared with the control	Bempelou et al., 2013
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Fungus	Tehran, Iran	About 96% of diazinon (2.5 mg/L) was degraded after 22.75 h	Ehrampoush et al., 2017