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Schematic representation of the effect of OMVs from H. pylori on atherosclerosis plaque formation in ApoE–/– mice. AS, atherosclerosis; CagA, cytotoxin-associated gene A; HP, Helicobacter pylori; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IL-6, interleukin-6; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NK-κB, nuclear factor-κB; OMVs, outer membrane vesicles; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.
